Optimal Sizing of Hybrid Microgrid in a Remote Island Considering Advanced Direct Load Control for Demand Response and Low Carbon Emission

Abstract

Optimal sizing of the power system can drastically reduce the total cost, which is challenging due to the fluctuation in output power of RE (primarily wind and solar) and pollution from thermal generators. The main purpose of this study is to cope with this output power uncertainty of renewables by considering ADLC, residential PV, and BESS at the lowest cost and with the least amount of carbon emission, while putting less burden on consumers by minimizing the IL. This paper optimizes the cost and carbon emission function of a hybrid energy system comprising PV, WG, BESS, and DG at Aguni Island, Japan, using a multi-objective optimization model. To solve the proposed problem in the presence of ADLC, the ϵ-constraint method and MILP are utilized. After obtaining all possible solutions, the FSM selects the best possible solution among all solutions. The result shows that while case 1 has a lower energy cost than the other cases, the quantity of IL is quite significant, putting customers in a burden. In case 2 and case 3, the total energy cost is 11.23% and 10% higher than case 1, respectively, but the sum of the IL is 99% and 95.96% lower than case 1 as the ADLC is applied only for the consumers who have residential PV and BESS, which can reflect the importance of residential PV and BESS. The total cost of case 3 is 1.72% lower than case 2, but IL is higher because sometimes home PV power will be used to charge the home BESS.

Optimal Capacity and Operational Planning for Renewable Energy-Based Microgrid Considering Different Demand-Side Management Strategies

“…The -MILP is a widely used technique for solving bi-objective optimization as a single-objective constrained problem. The superior characteristics of the -constraint MILP optimization were shown and proved to be capable of producing a credible and verifiable solution, as substantiated in the literature for various case studies involving VREs-based systems optimization, such as smart buildings [40], integrated energy systems [40,41], remote islands [42], off-grid power systems, etc. Thus, this study adopted the bi-objective optimization model for the microgrid's capacity sizing and short-term operating planning with or without considering the DRP while maximizing the system's reliability using the loss of power probability (LPSP).…”

A Survey on Direct Load Control Technologies in the Smart Grid

“…Japan, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Egypt, India NM 24 Matlab [151] This paper proposes an optimization model to size PV, WG, BESS, and DG for a HES on Aguni Island in Japan.…”

Research on regional air conditioning load aggregation model and control strategy

“…Due to the characteristics of small capacity, large quantity and dispersed distribution, the dispatching center is not easy to obtain its total power consumption. The establishment of an aggregate model to integrate air conditioning load resources can effectively overcome this difficulty and facilitate the centralized scheduling and control of the system [3] . Based on the physical model of air conditioning load of a single unit, Li Na et al established a multi-regional air conditioning load aggregation model considering the differences in parameter distribution in different geographical locations [4] .…”