“…In theory, much literature focuses on the relationship between price and switching costs (Blut et al, 2015;Nie, 2018;Nie et al, 2018a;Zhang et al, 2015), innovation and switching costs (Nie et al, 2018b;Yang et al, 2018), outputs and switching costs and so on (Nie et al, 2021;Xiao et al, 2020). Almost all previous papers before 2009 argue that switching costs result in price increases.…”