Optimal switching to diapause in relation to the onset of winter

Taylor, Fritz

doi:10.1016/0040-5809(80)90044-1

Cited by 108 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…1986; Danks 1987). A sharp switch from maturation to dormancy is predicted at a certain point of the favorable season (hereafter referred to as “season”) in deterministic environments (Cohen 1970; Taylor 1980, 1986a,b). Environmental uncertainty that characterizes even seasonal environments would, in turn, favor a gradual shift so that both dormant and nondormant phenotypes are expressed over a large part of the season (Seger and Brockmann 1987; see also Halkett et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments

Kivelä

Välimäki

Gotthard

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Deterministic seasonality can explain the evolution of alternative life history phenotypes (i.e., life history polyphenism) expressed in different generations emerging within the same year. However, the influence of stochastic variation on the expression of such life history polyphenisms in seasonal environments is insufficiently understood. Here, we use insects as a model and explore (1) the effects of stochastic variation in seasonality and (2) the life cycle on the degree of life history differentiation among the alternative developmental pathways of direct development and diapause (overwintering), and (3) the evolution of phenology. With numerical simulation, we determine the values of development (growth) time, growth rate, body size, reproductive effort, adult life span, and fecundity in both the overwintering and directly developing generations that maximize geometric mean fitness. The results suggest that natural selection favors the expression of alternative life histories in the alternative developmental pathways even when there is stochastic variation in seasonality, but that trait differentiation is affected by the developmental stage that overwinters. Increasing environmental unpredictability induced a switch to a bet‐hedging type of life history strategy, which is consistent with general life history theory. Bet‐hedging appeared in our study system as reduced expression of the direct development phenotype, with associated changes in life history phenotypes, because the fitness value of direct development is highly variable in uncertain environments. Our main result is that seasonality itself is a key factor promoting the evolution of seasonally polyphenic life histories but that environmental stochasticity may modulate the expression of life history phenotypes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments

Kivelä

Välimäki

Gotthard

2016

Ecology and Evolution

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“…It is often initiated well in advance of unfavourable conditions, thereby allowing most individuals to enter diapause in time. The optimal time for diapause initiation seems to be one generation time or little more prior to the mean period of cyclical occurrence of harsh conditions in a population of unsynchronised individuals with a short generation time (Taylor 1980;Hairston & Munns1984). The life cycles of species of longer lifespan are commonly attuned to predictable environmental change, such that they may break the one generation time constraint and initiate diapause shortly before the environment deteriorates.…”

Section: Testing the Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental plasticity of fish avoidance diapause response in Daphnia magna

Ślusarczyk¹

2004

J Limnol

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“…initiation and termination) is a critical aspect of this strategy, as organisms have likely evolved to optimally align the timing of diapause with the seasonality of environmental condition in order to maximize their fitness (e.g. Cohen 1970, Taylor 1980, Hairston & Munns 1984, Fiksen 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calanus finmarchicus diapause initiation: new view from traditional life history-based model

Ji¹

2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Organisms have evolved to optimally align the timing of diapause with the seasonality of environmental conditions in order to maximize their fitness. Observations from the Northwest Atlantic suggest that Calanus finmarchicus diapause initiation date varies significantly by geographic location, inconsistent with patterns of seasonal changes of any single environmental factor such as photoperiod, sea surface temperature, or food availability. In the present study, a life history-based model was used to reconcile the apparent inconsistency. The model results suggest that (1) the induction of diapause involves multiple environmental factors as a result of fitness maximization, and (2) in addition to temperature and food condition, predation pressure is another key factor that could affect diapause initiation process. It is further suggested that phenotypic plasticity is likely to be the major source of variation in the timing of diapause initiation for C. finmarchicus. KEY WORDS: Calanus finmarchicus · Diapause · Life history · Fitness Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherMar Ecol Prog Ser 440: [105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114] 2011 be achieved if individuals start diapause whenever they are physiologically ready. For instance, the Calanus finmarchicus population in the Gulf of Maine is known to have 2 or more generations (Meise & O'Reilly 1996, Durbin et al. 1997, Miller et al. 2000. Based on the LAW hypothesis, the reason for some of the first-generation individuals not entering diapause remains not very clear. Those first-generation individuals may be capable, and have an option, of shifting energy from active development and reproduction to lipid storage in preparation for diapause. This suggests that factors other than physiological constraint may play a role in the diapause initiation process.In the present study, it is hypothesized that (1) the induction of diapause indeed involves the interaction of multiple environmental factors, but this is due to fitness maximization rather than physiological constraints; and (2) in addition to temperature and food condition, predation pressure is another key environmental factor that could affect the diapause initiation process. The focus of the present study is on the ultimate cause of selection rather than a direct mechanistic modeling on behavioral responses to environmental cues. The approach used to test the hy potheses is based on the theoretic framework developed for explaining dormancy strategy from a life history theory point of view (e.g. Levins 1968, 1969, Cohen 1970. Although this framework was developed many years ago, new insights can still be gained by using recently observed species-specific vital rates and diapause pattern. The objective here is to reconcile the apparent inconsistency between the observed patterns of diapause onset with induction of diapause by any single observed environmental cue. This would then provide a valuable understanding of the relationship between environm...

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Optimal switching to diapause in relation to the onset of winter

Cited by 108 publications

References 5 publications

Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments

Evolution of alternative insect life histories in stochastic seasonal environments

Environmental plasticity of fish avoidance diapause response in Daphnia magna

Calanus finmarchicus diapause initiation: new view from traditional life history-based model

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