Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia

Takele, Tesfaye B.; Tolcha, Tassew Dufera

doi:10.4102/jtscm.v15i0.567

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, challenges encountered in inland transportation significantly increase the cost of fertilisers for end-users, particularly in landlocked countries and regions with rough topography and limited rail transport. In these areas, the distribution of fertilisers heavily relies on expensive road transport, especially in South America and Sub-Saharan Africa (Roberts and Vilakazi 2014 ; Vilakazi 2018 ; IFDC 2019 ; Takele and Tolcha 2021 ). Similarly, countries with geographically dispersed agricultural areas away from cities and ports, such as Australia, encounter high costs for inland distribution of fertilisers due to the limited railway network connections near end-users (Tran et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalisation of environmental costs of decentralised nitrogen fertilisers production

Osorio-Tejada

Rebrov

Hessel

2023

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Purpose Ammonia (NH3) production is an energy-intensive process that is concentrated in a few countries at large-scale plants, mainly using the Haber–Bosch (HB) process. Local plants next to farmers can reduce environmental impacts, as well as reduce storage, shortage risks, and price volatility of fertilisers. Since local NH3 production is not cost-effective, we analyse how internalisation of environmental impacts into economic analyses could help to promote novel technologies for NH3 synthesis when supplied with renewable energy. Methods Mini-HB plants working at high pressure and temperature, as well as novel alternatives based on plasma reactors working at ambient conditions and using electricity from renewable sources, have been recently proposed for decentralised NH3 production. To evaluate the environmental performances of these alternative and traditional NH3 pathways, a life cycle assessment was performed to quantify the reduced emissions in each production process and the impacts of by-product utilisation, such as steam, oxygen, or carbon black. Different scales of storage and transportation, fuelled by traditional energy sources, were modelled to quantify the impacts of the simplified NH3 supply chains. A review of monetary valuation coefficients was performed to internalise the life cycle environmental impacts into the techno-economic analyses of NH3 production in Australia. Results and discussion Most of the estimated environmental costs were due to the carbon emissions of conventional plants and thermal plasma plants because of the use of fossil-based electricity. However, the high external costs associated with the photochemical oxidant formation and particulate matter affected the thermal plasma and non-thermal plasma (NTP) plants, costing in total 9,500 and 4,200 $/t NH3, respectively, due to the impacts of solar panels manufacturing. In contrast, electrolyser-HB plants obtained rates of 114 $/t NH3 because of the high energy efficiency and oxygen sales. In the future scenario for NTP-based plants, this alternative could also be competitive with rates of 222 $/t NH3. Additionally, the estimated total external costs for the conventional NH3 industry in Australia amounted to about US$5 billion per year. Conclusions Electrolyser-HB plants could be cost-effective in the short term due to the energy efficiency of HB processes. However, the HB process has reached its efficiency limits, while the NTP process still has room for improvement, as well as its production costs are lower at smaller scales. In addition, if monetised environmental costs are analysed for a whole industry, public administrations could be prompted to invest the expected savings in the promotion of these novel technologies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internalisation of environmental costs of decentralised nitrogen fertilisers production

Osorio-Tejada

Rebrov

Hessel

2023

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Djibouti is the best transit seaport for the country's container shipping (Takele & Tolcha 2021), owing to its geographical location, enhanced port facilities, good liner shipping connectivity and rail transport links. In 2002, the governments of Background: Inland dry ports in Ethiopia serve as extended destinations for goods transported by sea, especially under the international multimodal transport system, to fulfil customs formalities.

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confidence: 99%

Conflict of lien laws relating to the sale of abandoned goods carried by multimodal transport in Ethiopia

Takele,

Jaleta

2023

Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management

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Background: Inland dry ports in Ethiopia serve as extended destinations for goods transported by sea, especially under the international multimodal transport system, to fulfil customs formalities. Ethiopia’s multimodal transport law gives carriers lien rights to detain cargo and documents to recover all sums payable under multimodal contracts. However, the country’s customs law gives customs the right to sell abandoned goods by auction and collect duties and taxes before any other payments are made.Objectives: This study critically examines current regulations and practices relating to carriers’ lien rights to recover uncollected charges on goods abandoned at inland dry ports.Method: A qualitative case study design is used to analyse the challenges and provide solutions for multimodal transport operators dealing with abandoned goods at inland terminals.Results: A major reason for abandonment is that the proceeds of sales of abandoned goods are insufficient to pay for taxes and logistics expenses. The Ethiopian Shipping and Logistics Services Enterprise has lost an estimated 1.5 million USD annually from abandoned containers in multimodal transport.Conclusion: Based on the legislation and court of appeal precedents presented in this paper, multimodal transport operators’ uncollected charges should take priority over tax and duties for the proceeds of selling abandoned goods. As Ethiopia is a landlocked country, it needs to resolve this issue to ameliorate its multimodal transport system.Contribution: This paper suggests revising existing regulations and practices relating to unclaimed goods at inland terminals to recoup logistics costs ahead of tax. This will facilitate multimodal transport services’ use of inland terminals as extended destinations of seaports.

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International Trade Policy for Growth and Prosperity

Seyoum

2024

Palgrave Studies in Democracy, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship for Growth

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Optimal transit corridors for Ethiopia

Cited by 5 publications

References 30 publications

Internalisation of environmental costs of decentralised nitrogen fertilisers production

Internalisation of environmental costs of decentralised nitrogen fertilisers production

Conflict of lien laws relating to the sale of abandoned goods carried by multimodal transport in Ethiopia

International Trade Policy for Growth and Prosperity

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