“…Consequently, it can be argued that if these Western European and other nations were less reliant on fossil fuels in general, the geopolitics currently in play could have been altered towards greater international peace through the adoption of renewable energy (Ratner et al, 2019;Su et al, 2021;Yusta and Beyza, 2021;Hosseini, 2022). Renewable energy, however, is strongly reliant on the grid operator's ability to store electricity generated from (primarily) solar and wind energy (Keck et al, 2019;Loukatou et al, 2020;Laribi and Rudion, 2021;Mikulski and Tomczewski, 2021;Šimić et al, 2021;Olabi et al, 2022a). Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have emerged as a critical technology in advancing the spread and development of renewable energy (Olabi et al, 2022b) and are being used to stabilize electrical grids (Mora et al, 2020;Laribi and Rudion, 2021;Moy et al, 2021), and in a new generation of electric vehicles (Rodríguez-Fernández et al, 2020;Scott and Ireland 2020;Cui et al, 2022).…”