Optimasi Proses Hidrolisis Rumput Laut Ulva Reticulata dengan Pelarut HNO3 untuk Produksi Bioetanol

Abstract

One alternative to make biofuels and replace petroleum-based fuels is to convert non-food ingredients from Ulva reticulata seaweed into bioethanol. Seventy percent of the earth's surface is covered by microalgae and seaweeds that can be converted into bioethanol. Ulva seaweed contains 50.3% carbohydrates in the form of heteropolysaccharides such as glucose, arabinose, rhamnose and xylose. Optimization of the seaweed hydrolysis catalyzed by HNO3 using Microwave irradiation was done by varying acid concentration (1, 3, 5, 7%), hydrolysis time (30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes), and hydrolysis temperature (75, 100, 125, 150°C). Fermentation was carried out by varying inoculum concentrations (6, 8, and 10% (v/v)) for 5, 6 and 7 days at a temperature of 30°C and a pH of 4.5. Analysis of the surface texture of the sample was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The analysis of reducing sugars concentration was carried out using the dinitrosalicylate (DNS) method. Ethanol analysis was carried out by Gas Chromatography (GC). The results of SEM analysis showed that prior to hydrolysis, the surface morphology of the powder was still compact and intact. Whereas after being hydrolyzed with HNO3 it was seen that the surface texture of the powder suffered significant damage. The hydrolysis results showed that the optimum conditions during the pretreatment of U. reticulata powder was at acid concentration of 7%, reaction time of 50 minutes, reaction temperature of 150°C and 250 watts of power which gave hydrolysate with reducing sugar concentration of 86.5 g/L. Fermentation of the hydrolysate using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced bioethanol with concentration of 37.2% as analyzed using a gas chromatograph.

The Optimization of Initial Treatment of Seaweed Ulva reticulata Using CEM Synthesizer Method for Bioethanol Production

“…Research by Kolo et al (2022) also reported that the hydrolysis of Ulva reticulata macroalga through variations in temperature and reaction time using H2SO4 catalyst obtained a sugar content of 27.79 g/L and a bioethanol content of 7.76% (9). Furthermore, research by Kolo et al (2023) reported that hydrolysis of Ulva reticulata using the HNO3 catalyst obtained a sugar content of 86.5 g/L and a bioethanol content of 37.2% (10). The three previous studies that used the macroalga Ulva reticulata had not optimized the fermentation process, so the researchers tried to optimize the fermentation process to increase bioethanol levels.…”

“…The results of the qualitative test showed that there was a color change from orange to bluish green in both standard ethanol and fermented samples. According to Kolo et al, (2023), stated that a positive test for the presence of ethanol was indicated by a change in the color of potassium dichromate from orange to bluish green. So, it can be concluded that in the fermented sample there has been a change in glucose to ethanol, which is marked by a change in the color of the potassium dichromate solution from orange to bluish green when the fermented sample is added (10).…”