“…Sub-models, such as gas-solid chemical reaction rate models, gas homogeneous combustion reaction rate models, NO x reduction/formation models, gas-solid heat transfer model, melting and solidification models and sintering bed structure change model were presented in our previous work. 11) The gas-solid reactions include coke combustion, [12][13][14][15][16][17] limestone decomposition, 18,19) dolomite decomposition, 20) hematite reduction and magnetite oxidation. 21) To characterize the NO x behavior, four main NO formation/reduction mechanisms, 22) i.e., the fuel NO originating from coke particles, thermal NO formation, NO reductions by coke particles and CO are considered.…”