“…From Figures 3-8, which provide the potential and electric field maps in both 2D and 3D representations, as well as their distribution along the creepage distance of the studied samples (one element and four elements chain), it is evident that the metal connection parts (cap and pin regions) are the critical zones where the electric field values reach the highest level. This finding is strongly supported by several studies that consider other types and profiles of high-voltage insulators (Kalaiselvi et al, 2018;Doufene et al, 2017bDoufene et al, , 2017aDoufene et al, , 2019Doufene et al, , 2020Doufene et al, , 2022Doufene et al, , 2023.…”