“…In CSO, a model of the geothermal reservoir is employed to assess the effect of various well placement and operation alternatives on energy recovery and reservoir longevity, and an optimization algorithm performs a systematic search for improved alternatives using one or multiple objective functions based on model outputs. Common objective functions include maximizing the net present value (Rajabi et al, 2021), maximizing power/heat production (Song et al, 2021), minimizing thermal drawdown (Samin et al, 2019), and maximizing the coefficient of performance (Babaei et al, 2022). Examples of previously used optimization algorithms in geothermal CSO include genetic algorithm (Samin et al, 2019;Song et al, 2021), simulated annealing (Akın et al, 2010) and particle swarm optimization (Schulte et al, 2020).…”