Optimisation of merged district-heating systems—benefits of co-operation in the light of externality costs

Implementation strategy for small CHP-plants in a competitive market: the case of Lithuania

“…A number of studies have investigated the methodologies of optimizing different CHP technologies in relation to variations in the district-heating demand, including the relations to energy conservation in buildings [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Also, such analyses have included external costs and performances in a deregulated market [16,17]. Compared to the conventional approach of producing heat and power in separate plants, CHP plants offer the potential of decreasing fuel consumption by 20-30% while producing exactly the same amounts of electricity and heat.…”

Support schemes adapting district energy combined heat and power for the role as a flexibility provider in renewable energy systems

“…Taljan et al [37] studied the sizing of biomass-fired Organic Rankine Cycle CHP investigating the optimisation of the plant size against the triple tariff. Gebremedhin [38] mentions the triple tariff when looking into externality costs in energy system models. Heinz and Henkel [39] have considered the triple tariff in connection with a fuel cell population in the energy system.…”

Conceptual design of an integrated heating system at LKAB Malmberget with consideration of social-environmental damage costs

“…ExternE research group under European Commission developed methods on the monetary valuation of external cost due to the electricity production (European Commission;European Commission, 2005), and these results can be used for other energy carriers. The ExternE methodology is used to weight the impacts according to the preferences of the society, and this methodology has widely accepted and used by the scientific community and considered as the world reference in the fields (Carlsson, 2002a,b;Gebremedhin and Carlson, 2002;Streimikiene et al, 2009;Genon et al, 2009;Difs and Trygg, 2009;Rafaj and Kypreosa, 2007). The monetary values of externalities often included in the heating system are those due to atmospheric emissions of CO 2 , NO x , SO x and particulates generated during fuel combustion.…”