Optimisation of Squalene Recovery From Palm Oil by-Product Using Integrated Scco2 -Pressure Swing

Abstract

Squalene is used as an ingredient in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Due to the limitation of squalene availability from predominant source which is shark liver oil and to sustain the environment by fully utilising the by-product of palm oil, an effort has been made to find a potential source of squalene as an alternative to shark liver oil. The motivation for this work is to optimise its extraction from an alternative source, a palm oil by-product known as palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD), using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO 2) with the aid of a pressure swing technique. The measurements were performed using a sc-CO 2 extraction in a fixed bed at temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, pressures of 20, 30 and 40 MPa, and holding times of 20, 30 and 40 min; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for squalene content analysis, optimised with a central composite design using research surface methodology (RSM). The second-order polynomial mathematical model adequately fitted the experimental results. The maximum squalene content from the model was predicted to be 356.24 ppm under the set of conditions with pressure of 23 MPa, temperature at 40°C, and 20 min holding time.

Extraction of phytosterols and tocopherols from rapeseed oil waste by supercritical CO2 plus co-solvent: A comparison with conventional solvent extraction

“…Countercurrent supercritical fluid extraction of tocopherols and sterols from lampante olive oil, sunflower oil deodorizer distillate and esterified olive oil deodorizer distillates was simulated [7]. Although the Recovery of the high aggregated compounds from the deodorizer distillate of the vegetable oils using supercritical fluid has been investigated in previous literature [14,15,16] extraction of tocopherols and sterols from modified RODD by supercritical CO 2 þ co-solvents in countercurrent extraction system has not been reported. The aim of the present study was to evaluate modified SFE methods for their efficiencies and applicability in the recovery of phytosterols and tocopherols from RODD, with the conventional Soxhlet technique being used as the control.…”

Insight into Green Extraction for Roselle as a Source of Natural Red Pigments: A Review

“…The effects of temperature and pressure are related to each other. The increase in temperature at constant pressure will decrease solvent density and its solvation power [ 76 ]. The rise in temperature also will results in increasing solute vapor pressure, subsequently enhancing the solubility of a solute in the ScCO 2 .…”