“…Due to the lengthy development process and significant ambiguity involved, such resources are expensive and difficult for a company's competitors to replicate (Morgan and Hunt, 1999). Study related to relational resources has been widely carried out in various fields and industries (Acharya et al, 2022;Beise-Zee, 2022;Chabowski and Samiee, 2023;Chen and Cooper-Thomas, 2022;Collings and Wright, 2022;Di Milia and Jiang, 2022;Fernandez et al, 2022;Helkkula and Arnould, 2022;Kang and González-Howard, 2022;Kassberg and Dornberger, 2022;Lavender-Stott and Allen, 2023;Lee and Yoo, 2022;Li et al, 2022;Lund and Wang, 2022;Maitlis, 2022;Mugwagwa et al, 2022;Oliver-Blackburn et al, 2022;Ozaslan et al, 2022;Parente et al, 2022;Schweikl and Obermaier, 2022;Seepana et al, 2022;Trygg and Wenander, 2022;Wu et al, 2022). However, the results of studies related to Freight forwarders are still few (Balci et al, 2019;Birkel et al, 2020;Carbone and Stone, 2005;Ferrer et al, 2010;Houé and Murphy, 2018;Shou et al, 2017;Wong and Karia, 2010).…”