Optimization and Antibacterial Response of N-Halamine Coatings Based on Polydopamine

Abstract

Due to the ability of microorganisms to first adhere to a material surface and then to lead to the formation of a biofilm, it is essential to develop surfaces that have antimicrobial properties. It is well known that N-halamine coatings allow us to prevent or minimize such phenomena. In the present work, various polydopamine (PDA) coatings containing chloramine functions were studied. In fact, three PDA-based films were formed by the simple immersion of a gold substrate in a dopamine solution, either at pH 8 in the presence or not of polyethyleneimine (PEI), or at pH 5 in the presence of periodate as an oxidant. These films were characterized by polarization modulation reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, and by scanning electron microscopy observations. The chlorination of these PDA films was performed by their immersion in a sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution, in order to immobilize Cl(+I) into the (co)polymers (PDA or PDA–PEI). Finally, antibacterial assays towards the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) were conducted to compare the bactericidal properties of these three N-halamine coatings. Regardless of the bacteria tested, the PDA coating with the best antibacterial properties is the coating obtained using periodate.

Polymerization of l-Tyrosine, l-Phenylalanine, and 2-Phenylethylamine as a Versatile Method of Surface Modification for Implantable Medical Devices

“…The thickest coating was obtained with periodate-oxidized dopamine (PDA-VII), where 108 ± 6 nm of the coating thickness was formed after 24 h of the process. According to this method, other authors have shown similar results, obtaining thicknesses in the range of 90–110 nm after 24 h of the process. , The atmospheric oxygenated dopamine (PDA V-I) gives a coating of about 50 nm in thickness after 24 h, which is also consistent with the literature. ,, A similar coating thickness (57 ± 2 nm) can be obtained after only 1 h of the periodate-oxidized dopamine polymerization with our selected reaction conditions (PDA V-II), which makes this process much more efficient.…”

“… 8 , 21 The atmospheric oxygenated dopamine (PDA V-I) gives a coating of about 50 nm in thickness after 24 h, which is also consistent with the literature. 1 , 11 , 21 A similar coating thickness (57 ± 2 nm) can be obtained after only 1 h of the periodate-oxidized dopamine polymerization with our selected reaction conditions (PDA V-II), which makes this process much more efficient.…”

Developing the functional cotton fabric with N-halamine antibacterial structure based on DA/PEI

“…Dopamine (DA), an organic compound with functional catechol and amino groups, can spontaneously oxypolymerize into polydopamine (PDA) under aerobic and weak alkaline conditions, and DA can be deposited on all types of the organic and inorganic materials and forms a functional coating (Hou et al 2015;Lee et al 2007;Zeng et al 2013). This is most important that the N-H bond in the PDA structure is generated N-Cl bond after chlorination by household bleach solution, gives the coating certain antibacterial properties (Chien et al 2020;Nazi et al 2020;Nazi et al 2022). However, the method still suffers from a long deposition time (Zhang et al 2016), instability in the alkaline environment (Ball 2014;Ponzio et al 2016a;Ponzio et al 2016b;Wei et al 2013), and inhomogeneous coating surface roughness (Kim et al 2013).…”