Optimization and Validation of an Extraction Method for Endosulfan Lactone on a Solid Substrate

Abstract

Endosulfan lactone is a metabolite obtained from the biological oxidation of the insecticide endosulfan by action of the microorganisms present in the soil. This metabolite is more toxic and persistent than the parent compound. Therefore, it is extremely important to be able to determine the presence of this metabolite in the soil. However, accessible methods for extraction of endosulfan lactone in soil were not found in published literature. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate two conventional methods of liquid–solid extraction for the determination of endosulfan lactone in solid substrate using two solvents (ethyl acetate and acetonitrile) and HPLC UV-VIS. The acetonitrile and rotary agitation extraction method was the one with the highest efficiency (97%), optimized using a factorial 32 response surface design, and validated in terms of linearity and precision. The linearity shown was r > 0.999 in a wide spike level (0.15–100 mg kg−1), with the detection limit (DL) of 0.045 mg kg−1 and quantification limit (QL) of 0.15 mg kg−1. The extraction of endosulfan lactone in solid substrate using acetonitrile was more efficient than that used with ethyl acetate, so this method could be used to extract and quantify endosulfan lactone in agricultural soil.

Vermicomposting Process to Endosulfan Lactone Removal in Solid Substrate Using Eisenia fetida

“…The determination of EL in the solid substrate was carried out in accordance with that described by Li et al [17] and Vázquez-Villegas et al [18,19] with slight modifications. Briefly, 12 g of substrate with 75 mL of acetonitrile and 120 min of rotary agitation at 175 rpm.…”

Effect of the Pesticide Endosulfan and Two Different Biostimulants on the Stress Responses of Phaseolus leptostachyus Plants Grown in a Saline Soil

“…One of the pesticides commonly used in the area is endosulfan, a broad-spectrum organochlorine insecticide, highly soluble in fats, with slow biodegradability and long persistence in the environment; in the soil, the half-life of endosulfan under aerobic conditions can be up to six years [14]. Endosulfan is transformed into more toxic and more bioaccumulative derivatives through biological oxidation and enzymatic oxidative processes [15]. For this reason, this pesticide has been banned in more than 50 countries, including the EU; in Central and South America, however, endosulfan is one of the most widely acquired pesticides and is still used in several countries, including Mexico [16].…”