Optimization design of low-density and high-strength ceramic proppants by orthogonal experiment

Abstract

This study mainly focused on an orthogonal optimization design of low-density and high-strength ceramic proppants prepared by low-grade bauxite and feldspar that met the standard requirements. The orthogonal experimental design of L25 (53) was employed to study the significance sequence of three factors, including milling time of bauxite, milling time of feldspar, and sintering temperature. The results show that the particle size of feldspar is the most important factor for the performance of the proppants. The longer the milling time of feldspar is, the finer the particle size of feldspar is, and the easier it is to form liquid phase at a lower temperature. For the breakage ratio, the optimal experimental combination is bauxite milled for 4 h, feldspar milled for 8 h, and sintering temperature of 1280°C. The proppants prepared by the optimal combination have bulk density of 1.48 g cm−3, apparent density of 2.7 g cm−3, breakage ratio of 4.07% under 52 MPa closed pressure, and acid solubility of 2.15%.

Proliferation of probiotics and antioxidant effects of functional oligosaccharides added in fermented dairy product

“…The L9(3 4 ) orthogonal experiments were designed and analysed using the orthogonal assistant software (Li and Hao 2020; Duan et al . 2023).…”

“…The L9(3 4 ) orthogonal experiments were designed and analysed using the orthogonal assistant software (Li and Hao 2020;Duan et al 2023). Orthogonal experiment is a method of using an orthogonal table that has been created to arrange experiments and perform data analysis.…”

“…Preparation of fermented dairy product with strong probiotic proliferation ability and high antioxidant ability based on multi-factor orthogonal experiment Orthogonal experiment is a kind of design method to study multi-factor and multi-level. Orthogonal test design is an efficient, rapid and economical test design method, which can be used to evaluate the influence of various factors on product characteristics (Li and Hao 2020). The orthogonal table method was used to understand the importance and interaction of various factors.…”

Basic principle, progress, and prospects of coal gangue ceramic proppants

“…Prior to the 21st century, scholars believed that the presence of oxides in raw materials decreases the strength of ceramic proppants, 35 but recent studies have found that oxides can help form the skeleton structure of the mullite matrix phase from Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 , and the liquid phase from the high‐temperature melting of these oxides can fill the pores during the sintering process, both of which are beneficial to enhancing the strength of ceramic proppants. With regard to the sintering additive of silica‐rich minerals (mainly feldspar minerals), this paper does not elaborate this matter anymore because its nature is similar to the addition of coal gangue 63–65 . On the basis of the strengthening mechanism, sintering additives are divided into two categories, namely, high‐temperature liquid‐phase sintering additives and lattice distortion sintering additives.…”

“…With regard to the sintering additive of silica-rich minerals (mainly feldspar minerals), this paper does not elaborate this matter anymore because its nature is similar to the addition of coal gangue. [63][64][65] On the basis of the strengthening mechanism, sintering additives are divided into two categories, namely, hightemperature liquid-phase sintering additives and lattice distortion sintering additives.…”