“…Two realistic test problems are considered: a two-dimensional multistory multibay braced frame that is representative of many real-life structures (Figure 5) and the three-dimensional roof structure of the Market Hall in Ghent as a test problem with high architectural and urban relevance (Figure 6). The second problem (the Market Hall in Ghent) has been studied before from a size optimization perspective by Dillen et al [41]. Both test problems involve a combination of continuous and discrete design variables.…”