“…Nanoparticle characterization and stability was done according to our previous work. [30][31][32] Briey, several techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS, zeta potential, SEM, TEM, and AFM, were used to characterize the suggested sensing probes. One of the simplest ways to recognize metal nanoparticles and one that is frequently used to determine their size and shape is UV-vis.…”