“…The author examined and discussed the effect of demand increase/decrease on production rate flexibility and formulated a generalized cost model relating to maintaining certain required demand levels. Other studies explored diverse features of adjustable rates on the planning and controlling fabrication systems, including the impact of variable markup rates (Arcelus & Srinivasan, 1987), variable production rates (Giri & Dohi, 2005;Chiu, et al, 2018b), storage capacity with various repair rates (Ameen, et al, 2018), and the expedited rates with quality issues (Chiu, et al, 2019c;Chiu, et al, 2019d).…”