Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Spent Palm Cooking Oil Using Fractional Factorial Design Combined with the Response Surface Methodology

Abstract

Fractional Factorial Design (FFD) of the experiments combined with the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum conditions for the production of biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil (UCO) in a batch reactor. Spent palm olein cooking oil was used as a raw material for biodiesel production as it is commonly used in most of the restaurants in Bahrain. The data indicate that the catalyst (NaOH) concentration and reaction temperature are the most influential factors, while the reaction time and molar ratio of methanol to oil (M:O) have only modest effects on the biodiesel yield. A 2 nd order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield as a function of the catalyst amount and temperature. For the production of alkyl esters, the optimum conditions are 50°C, 0.30 wt % of NaOH catalyst, 1h reaction time and 9:1 feed molar ratio. These optimum values agree well with the literature values. At these optimum values, the alkyl esters content is 89.3 vol%, which is in good agreement with the predicted biodiesel yield (~ 91% by volume). Also, the biodiesel produced was characterized based on the flashpoint, viscosity, density, pH, percentage conversion of oil and yield.

Experimental study and parameters optimization of microalgae based heavy metals removal process using a hybrid response surface methodology-crow search algorithm

“…To accurately assess the process, it is necessary to determine the individual impacts of these factors, along with the interaction impacts within the parameters of the response (i.e., the biosorption efficiency). Hereof, the response surface methodology (RSM) is a robust statistical tool for explaining the relationships among independent factors with dependent variables 20 – 23 . The Box–Behnken design (BBD) (a type of RSM) reduces the number of laboratory trials and anticipates responses with high precision 20 , 24 .…”

Optimization of bio-cement production from cement kiln dust using microalgae

“…Briefly, RSM is the most well-known statistical, fully randomized and bias free method in finding the optimum conditions using quadratic regression models. RSM has been used widely for optimization and modelling in different aspects including bio-synthesis materials such as biodiesel, bio-cement and various bacterial/microalgal media for high yield such as lipases, chitinases, xylanases, keratinases, lipid productivity including CO 2 biofixation [[18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]]. Dhami et al [21] optimized the medium components using central composite design (CCD) to heighten urease yield and explore its influence on MICP thereafter.…”

“…Dhami et al [21] optimized the medium components using central composite design (CCD) to heighten urease yield and explore its influence on MICP thereafter. Hossain et al [20] used fractional factorial design (FFD) of the investigation in conjunction with the RSM utilizing a batch reactor to determine the optimum conditions necessary to produce biodiesel from spent cooking oil. The RSM is also used to find optimal microalgal growth and CO 2 biofixation rates [19,22,23].…”

Design and performance assessment of an in-house fabricated microreactor for enzyme-catalysed biodiesel synthesis

“…For instance, several types of catalysts such as pure ZnO, nanorods of Hg doped ZnO, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, titanium dioxide, polyaniline (PANI)/ZnO, ZnO/CeO 2 , ZnO/CuO, a composite of multi-walled carbon nanotube/tungsten oxide, ZnO/Ag/CdO, ZnO/ c-Mn 2 O 3 and V 2 O 5 /ZnO nanocomposites are used for removing textile effluent by degradation reaction (Rajendran et al, 2016;Saleh & Gupta, 2011, 2012Saravanan, Gupta, Mosquera, & Gracia, 2014;Saravanan, Gupta, Prakash, Narayanan, & Stephen, 2013;Saravanan, Karthikeyan, et al, 2013;Saravanan, Thirumal, Gupta, Narayanan, & Stephen, 2013;Saravanan et al, 2015Saravanan et al, , 2016. Similarly, transesterification reaction is conducted in the presence of basic (KOH), acidic (HCl), or enzymatic (e.g., lipase) catalysts (Hossain, 2019;Zakir Hossain et al, 2016) . Among these three methods, lipase catalysed transesterification has been considered as more favorable by many researchers, due to high biodiesel yields.…”