“…The timber-like morphology for CA70 sample occurred more than those of other samples. The morphologies of all prepared CA particles obtained from this work were different in sizes and shapes from CA obtained from oyster shell, ash of black snail, and littleneck clam shell powder in previous reports [3,47,48]. These results indicate that the starting reagents for preparation have the strong effect on the morphology of CA, which is well consistent with what stated in the literature [27].…”
The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest. Calcium acetate used in many fields was prepared using waste scallop shell as a raw material, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. The waste scallop shells were transformed to calcium acetate compounds by reactions with four acetic acid concentrations at ambient temperature until the completely dried powder is obtained. The maximum yield of 87% with short reaction time at a low temperature was observed in the reaction of 60%w/w acetic acid with scallop shells. Thermal transformation reactions of all prepared calcium acetate samples revealed temperature conditions for heating to produce other advanced materials. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the purity and solid phase of all prepared calcium acetate samples, and they were compared with those of literatures and found to be well consistent. The obtained timber-like particles have different sizes depending on the acetic acid concentration. This work reports an easy and low-cost method with no environmental effect to produce cheap calcium products to be used in the industry.
“…The timber-like morphology for CA70 sample occurred more than those of other samples. The morphologies of all prepared CA particles obtained from this work were different in sizes and shapes from CA obtained from oyster shell, ash of black snail, and littleneck clam shell powder in previous reports [3,47,48]. These results indicate that the starting reagents for preparation have the strong effect on the morphology of CA, which is well consistent with what stated in the literature [27].…”
The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest. Calcium acetate used in many fields was prepared using waste scallop shell as a raw material, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. The waste scallop shells were transformed to calcium acetate compounds by reactions with four acetic acid concentrations at ambient temperature until the completely dried powder is obtained. The maximum yield of 87% with short reaction time at a low temperature was observed in the reaction of 60%w/w acetic acid with scallop shells. Thermal transformation reactions of all prepared calcium acetate samples revealed temperature conditions for heating to produce other advanced materials. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the purity and solid phase of all prepared calcium acetate samples, and they were compared with those of literatures and found to be well consistent. The obtained timber-like particles have different sizes depending on the acetic acid concentration. This work reports an easy and low-cost method with no environmental effect to produce cheap calcium products to be used in the industry.
To facilitate the effective use of butter clam shell as a natural calcium resource, we determined the optimal conditions for calcium lactate (BCCL) preparation with high solubility using response surface methodology (RSM). The polynomial models developed by RSM for pH, solubility and yield were highly effective in describing the relationships between factors (P<0.05). Increased molar ratios of calcined powder (BCCP) from butter clam shell led to reduced solubility, yield, color values and overall quality. The critical values of multiple response optimization to independent variables were 1.75 M and 0.94 M for lactic acid and BCCP, respectively. The actual values (pH 7.23, 97.42% for solubility and 423.22% for yield) under optimization conditions were similar to the predicted values. White indices of BCCLs were in the range of 86.70-90.86. Therefore, organic acid treatment improved color value. The buffering capacity of BCCLs was strong, at pH 2.82 to 3.80, upon the addition of less than 2 mL of 1 N HCl. The calcium content and solubility of BCCLs were 6.2-16.7 g/100 g and 93.6-98.5%, respectively. Fourier transform analysis of infrared spectroscopy data identified BCCL as calcium lactate pentahydrate, and the analysis of microstructure by field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed an irregular form.
“…The results of TG and DTG from this work show that the thermal decomposition of the synthesized Ca(CH 3 COO) [21], black snail [22] and scallop [23] shells which depended on the crystal structure and particle sizes of the starting materials.…”
Bio-green synthesis was designed and employed for calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O) preparation. Biological wastes obtained from food, oyster shells, were recycled to calcium carbonate and then were used as bio-green raw material to replace limestone/carbonate stone for calcium acetate production. The conditions (ambient temperature occurred in an exothermic reaction, drying time, percentage yield, and percentage solubility) of the reaction between the bio-green CaCO3 and three different acetic (CH3COOH) concentrations (8, 10, and 12 mol·L−1) were investigated. The maximum percentage yield (93.42%) with a shorter drying time (18 h) affected the low cost of the product found in the reaction between the bio-green CaCO3 with 12 mol·L−1 acetic acid. The percentage solubility and chemical compositions without any toxic metal impurity revealed by the XRF technique would be useful to suggest use in the specific application. The XRD, FTIR, and TGA data of Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O prepared by the bio-green CaCO3 obtained from oyster shell wastes in this work and those in previous works used other calcium sources were consistent. The morphologies with different sizes of the obtained Ca(CH3COO)2•H2O depend on the CH3COOH concentrations reported in this work and were different from those reported in previous works because of different calcium sources. According to the observation, it can be concluded that the low-cost and bio-green technique without the environmental effects was successfully applied to produce cheap Ca(CH3COO)2•H2O and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which can be used in the specific industry.
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