Optimization of CaO-catalyzed sunflower oil methanolysis with crude biodiesel as a cosolvent

Todorović, Zoran B.; Troter, Dragan Z.; Đokić-Stojanović, Dušica R.; Veličković, Ana V.; Avramović, Jelena M.; Stamenković, Olivera S.; Veselinović, Ljiljana; Veljković, Vlada B.

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2018.10.056

Cited by 45 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These effects were ascribed to mass transfer limitations (both liquid-liquid and liquid--solid) and the kinetics of the reactions occurring on the surface of the solid catalyst particles, 15 as well as the improved miscibility of the reactants that influenced the equilibrium of partition. 18 The formed esters could also act as a cosolvent, 19 thus contributing further to the mutual miscibility of the reactants. The slow reaction in the final stage was due to the reduced concentrations of the reactants.…”

Section: Impact Of Different Cosolvents On the Cao-catalyzed Ethanolymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of various cosolvents on the calcium oxide-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil

Đokić-Stojanović

Todorović²,

Troter³

et al. 2019

J Serb Chem Soc

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Ten organic solvents (triethanolamine, diethanolamine, ethylene glycol, methyl ethyl ketone, n-hexane, triethylamine, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, glycerol, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane) were applied as cosolvents in the CaO-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil performed in a batch stirred reactor under the following reaction conditions: temperature 70 °C, ethanol-to-oil mole ratio 12:1, initial catalyst concentration 1.374 mol•L-1 and amount of cosolvent 20 % based on the oil amount. The main goals were to assess the effect of the used cosolvents on the synthesis of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) and to select the most efficient one with respect to the final FAEE content, reaction duration and safety profile. In the absence of any cosolvent, the reaction was rather slow, providing a FAEE content of only 89.7±1.7 % after 4 h. Of the tested cosolvents, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and ethylene glycol significantly accelerated the ethanolysis reaction, whereby the last two provided a final FAEE content of 93.1±2.1 and 94.1±1.5 %, respectively, within 0.5 h. However, because of its safety profile, triethanolamine was selected as the best cosolvent for the ethanolysis of sunflower oil catalyzed by calcined CaO.

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Section: Impact Of Different Cosolvents On the Cao-catalyzed Ethanolymentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of various cosolvents on the calcium oxide-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil

Đokić-Stojanović

Todorović²,

Troter³

et al. 2019

J Serb Chem Soc

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“…Since TEOA possesses strong water affinity, it can limit the availability of water molecules for triacylglycerols hydrolysis and soap formation. Moreover, the formed esters acted as a cosolvent, further improving the miscibility of the reactants [25].…”

Section: Influence Of Teoa On the Cao-catalyzed Sunflower Oil Ethamentioning

confidence: 99%

Triethanolamine as an efficient cosolvent for biodiesel production by CaO-catalyzed sunflower oil ethanolysis: An optimization study

Đokić-Stojanović

Todorović

Troter

et al. 2019

Hem Ind

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Triethanolamine was applied as an efficient "green" cosolvent for biodiesel production by CaOcatalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil. The reaction was conducted in a batch stirred reactor and optimized with respect to the reaction temperature (61.6-78.4 °C), the ethanol-to-oil molar ratio (7:1-17:1) and the cosolvent loading (3-36 % of the oil weight) by using a rotatable central composite design (RCCD) combined with the response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal reaction conditions were found to be: the ethanol-to-oil molar ratio of 9:1, the reaction temperature of 75 °C and the cosolvent loading of 30 % to oil weight, which resulted in the predicted and actual fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) contents of 98.8 % and 97.9±1.3 %, respectively, achieved within only 20 min of the reaction. Also, high FAEE contents were obtained with expired sunflower oil, hempseed oil and waste lard. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) was used to understand the changes in the CaO phase. The CaO catalyst can be used without any treatment in two consecutive cycles. Due to the calcium leaching into the product, an additional purification stage must be included in the overall process.

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“…A high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 95% has been reported at 5 wt% of catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1 for 5 h at room temperature (30 ± 2 °C) [7]. A recent study done by Todorovic et al [8] reported optimization of reaction variables in the production of biodiesel using CaO as a catalyst and crude biodiesel as a co-solvent. Optimum reaction conditions of methanol to oil molar ratio 7.1:1, catalyst concentration of 0.74 mol/L, and reaction temperature of 52 °C were reported to yield a high FAME conversion of 99.8%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Optimum reaction conditions of methanol to oil molar ratio 7.1:1, catalyst concentration of 0.74 mol/L, and reaction temperature of 52 °C were reported to yield a high FAME conversion of 99.8%. The catalyst was reused for four times under the reaction conditions of methanol to oil molar ratio, 6:1; catalyst concentration, 0.642 mol/L; reaction temperature, 50 °C; and reaction time, 1.5 h, which gave a FAME conversion of 97.7% in 5 h at the second cycle [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process optimization of biodiesel production catalyzed by CaO nanocatalyst using response surface methodology

2019

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Uses of nanocatalysts have become more useful in optimizing catalytic reactions. They are known to enhance the rate of reaction by offering a greater number of active sites by possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio. In the present work, calcium oxide nanocatalysts were synthesized through the sol-gel method. The particle size of the nanocatalyst prepared ranged up to 8 nm. Soybean oil was used as the raw material for the synthesis of biodiesel. The synthesized nano-CaO was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller). Average BET surface area analysis of the nanocatalyst was calculated to be 67.781 m 2 /g and pore diameter was 3.302 nm. Nano-CaO catalyst was used to synthesize biodiesel and optimize the reaction variables through optimization processes to achieve a high yield of biodiesel. The reaction variables that were optimized were catalyst amount, oil to methanol molar ratio and reaction temperature. Upon optimization, the conversion of biodiesel was found to be 97.61%. The optimized value of the reaction variables was: catalyst amount of 3.675 wt% with respect to oil, molar ratio (alcohol to oil) of 11:1, and reaction temperature of 60 °C for 2 h. Graphic abstractKeywords Biodiesel · Calcium oxide (CaO) · Nanocatalyst · Response surface methodology

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Optimization of CaO-catalyzed sunflower oil methanolysis with crude biodiesel as a cosolvent

Cited by 45 publications

References 28 publications

Influence of various cosolvents on the calcium oxide-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil

Influence of various cosolvents on the calcium oxide-catalyzed ethanolysis of sunflower oil

Triethanolamine as an efficient cosolvent for biodiesel production by CaO-catalyzed sunflower oil ethanolysis: An optimization study

Process optimization of biodiesel production catalyzed by CaO nanocatalyst using response surface methodology

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