Optimization of Direct Laser Deposition of a Martensitic Steel Powder (Metco 42C) on 42CrMo4 Steel

Ferreira, A.J.M.; Darabi, Roya; Sousa, João; Cruz, João M.; Reis, Ana; Vieira, Manuel F.

doi:10.3390/met11040672

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In the meantime, the substrate material functions as a cooling media, consequently, microstructure changes in comparison with that of the virgin substrate, forming HAZ. Recent studies showed that the HAZ properties depended on the temperature of the substrate, in the room temperature or heated up to 250 °C [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. The substrate used in the current study is AISI 1045 that is susceptible to martensitic transformation, depending on the cooling rate [ 25 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

et al. 2022

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The application of maraging steels such as 18Ni300 alloy is noteworthy for mould industries, applying repair purposes through direct energy deposition process. This objective requires microstructural characterizations and the evaluation of mechanical behaviour such as hardness. The state of substrate material, including the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the interface between the HAZ and deposited layer, is essential, the formation of hard phases and abrupt transitions. Thus, the influence of the number of deposited layers or the pre-heating condition appears noteworthy. In the current study, microscopy observations did not reveal the presence of any crack in the cross-sections of deposited 18Ni300 alloy powder on AISI 1045 sheet steel; however, pores were observed in deposited layers. Besides, microscopic analyses revealed the achievement of a smooth HAZ in the deposited layers composed of three-layered depositions or that received preheating, confirmed by hardness measurements as well. Dilution effect ensured a metallurgical bonding between depositions and substrate, strongly affected by preheating. The HAZ microstructure, mainly martensitic transformation, distribution of chemical composition, epitaxial growth at the interface, and the size of crystals and grains were affected by preheating or the number of layers. Moreover, the heat propagation and/or dissipation across the deposited layers influenced the dendrite morphology and the texture of grains. The preheating condition provoked the formation of cellular/equiaxed dendrites that was highlighted in the three-layered deposition, increase in dendrite interspace growth.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

et al. 2022

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“…This selection is difficult since the mutual interaction of the various parameters is complex. Thus, it is common to apply combined parameters in the DLD process to obtain a more accurate relationship between processing parameters and the clad characteristics [33].…”

Section: Processing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite this apparent direct relation between laser power and dilution, the effect of other critical processing variables, namely the scanning speed and the feed rate, makes the establishment of relationships between processing condition and dilution complex. To overcome this difficulty, it is common to apply complex parameters, empirically adjusted, to the clad/substrate set under analysis to define the processing window [33,37,38].…”

Section: Processing Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deposition of Nickel-Based Superalloy Claddings on Low Alloy Structural Steel by Direct Laser Deposition

Ferreira

Amaral

Romio

et al. 2021

Metals

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In this study, direct laser deposition (DLD) of nickel-based superalloy powders (Inconel 625) on structural steel (42CrMo4) was analysed. Cladding layers were produced by varying the main processing conditions: laser power, scanning speed, feed rate, and preheating. The processing window was established based on conditions that assured deposited layers without significant structural defects and a dilution between 15 and 30%. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction were performed for microstructural characterisation. The Vickers hardness test was used to analyse the mechanical response of the optimised cladding layers. The results highlight the influence of preheating on the microstructure and mechanical responses, particularly in the heat-affected zone. Substrate preheating to 300 °C has a strong effect on the cladding/substrate interface region, affecting the microstructure and the hardness distribution. Preheating also reduced the formation of the deleterious Laves phase in the cladding and altered the martensite microstructure in the heat-affected zone, with a substantial decrease in hardness.

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“…DED techniques have been used to successfully produce claddings and/or fully threedimensional components with different alloys, such as titanium [1,2], nickel [3,4], copper [5] and aluminium [6] alloys, tool steels [7,8] and stainless steels [9,10]. One additional material group that has been DED-processed are Maraging steels, which consist of high-strength, precipitation hardened steels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tensile Properties of As-Built 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by DED

et al. 2022

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The mechanical behaviour of as-built DED-produced 18Ni300 Maraging steel was studied by manufacturing a wall-like structure from which three different specimen types were obtained: specimens in which the loading direction was the same as the printing direction (vertical), specimens in which these two directions were perpendicular (horizontal), and bimetallic specimens in which the interface between the AISI 1045 substrate and the 18Ni300 steel was tested. The yield strength of the produced samples was 987.9±34.2, 925.9±89.7 and 486.7±47.2MPa for the vertical, horizontal and bimetallic specimens, respectively, while the elongation to failure was 9.4±1.9, 18.3±2.3 and 14.06±0.6% in the same order. The latter specimen failed within the substrate-comprised portion of the specimen. Additionally, the fracture surfaces were analysed through scanning electron microscopy, concluding that while both surfaces consist of dimples, the horizontal specimen presented microporosities with a reduced diameter. A microhardness analysis in the printed wall-like structure following the printing direction yielded an average hardness of 392±21 HV0.3, with fluctuations along the build direction mostly within one standard deviation.

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Optimization of Direct Laser Deposition of a Martensitic Steel Powder (Metco 42C) on 42CrMo4 Steel

Cited by 22 publications

References 40 publications

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

Laser Deposited 18Ni300 Alloy Powder on 1045 Steel: Effect of Passes and Preheating on Microstructure

Deposition of Nickel-Based Superalloy Claddings on Low Alloy Structural Steel by Direct Laser Deposition

Tensile Properties of As-Built 18Ni300 Maraging Steel Produced by DED

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