“…Indeed, the luminescence of Er 3+ ions at 1540 nm makes Er 3+ -doped TiO 2 systems suitable for optical planar waveguides, lasers, and fiber amplifiers for telecommunications [8,9,10,11]. In addition, red and green up-conversion emissions [12,13] make it a promising material for an even broader range of applications, such as photovoltaics, display technologies, medical diagnostics, and solid state lasers [14,15,16,17]. …”