Optimization of Extraction Process of Polysaccharides MAP-2 from Opuntia Milpa Alta by Response Surface Methodology and Evaluation of Its Potential as α-Glucosidase Inhibitor

Abstract

The α-glucosidase inhibitors play an important role in blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. At present, the development of new α-glucosidase inhibitors is an urgent clinical need. Our previous studies have found that the polysaccharide MAP-2 in the cactus Opuntia Milpa Alta has significantly better activity than acarbose (one of the most widely used first-line α-glucosidase inhibitors in clinical practice), but its optimal extraction process parameters and inhibition kinetic characteristics are not clear, and whether it has the potential to become a new α-glucosidase inhibitors is also unclear. In this study, based on previous research, we used the combination of single factor experiments and the response surface method (RSM) to identify the optimal extraction conditions for MAP-2 as follows: solid-liquid ratio 1:4, extraction temperature 90 °C, extraction time 1 h. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of MAP-2 was 3.47 ± 0.062%. When the concentration of MAP-2 was 16 mg/mL, the inhibition rate of α-glucosidase was 91.13 ± 0.62%. In addition, the results of inhibition kinetics showed that the inhibition rate of MAP-2 on α-glucosidase was the highest at pH 7.4 for 30 min, and showed a good dose-effect relationship, which was a reversible competitive inhibition. Meanwhile, we also compared the activities of MAP-2 and acarbose on the side effects of acarbose related enzymes. Compared with acarbose, MAP-2 not only had a better activation effect on lactase, but also inhibited the activity of hyaluronidase, and the activation and inhibition rate were positively correlated with the concentration. However, under the same conditions, the effect of acarbose on hyaluronidase was opposite to that of MAP-2. At low concentration, acarbose had a certain activation effect on lactase, but gradually attained an inhibitory effect with the increase in concentration. In contrast, MAP-2 not only activates lactase activity, improves diarrhea, abdominal distension, and abdominal pain, but also inhibits hyaluronidase activity, to solve the side effects of allergic reactions, suggesting that MAP-2 has the potential to become a novel and effective inhibitor of α-glucosidase with fewer side effects.

Astragalus gombo as a renewable source of cellulose: Experimental and response surface approaches

“…According to other studies, the positive effect of extraction temperature is due to the solubility of cellulose in the solvent at higher temperatures. 8,53,54 Along with previous factors, the sodium hydroxide concentration is another critical variable during the extraction process (Figure 8(c)). With increasing solvent concentration, the mass of cellulose has decreased.…”

“…According to other studies, the positive effect of extraction temperature is due to the solubility of cellulose in the solvent at higher temperatures. 8,53,54…”

“…This result indicates that the increase in the solvent concentration leads to the degradation of cellulose. 51,53,54…”

“…This result indicates that the increase in the solvent concentration leads to the degradation of cellulose. 51,53,54 Model fitting and statistical analysis Table 3 shows 27 trials for optimizing the three independent variables (X 1 : extraction time, X 2 : NaOH concentration, and X 3 : extraction temperature).…”

Optimization of Enzyme−Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Polysaccharide from Acanthopanax senticosus and Comparison of Physicochemical Properties and Bioactivities of Polysaccharides with Different Molecular Weights

“…The acid−base extraction method has the disadvantage of easily destroying the structure of polysaccharides and reducing the pharmacological activity of polysaccharides [ 5 ]. Although the ultrasonic−assisted extraction method can destroy the cell wall of plants and improve the extraction rate, it has the problems of slow and time−consuming temperature rise and high energy consumption [ 6 ]. Enzyme−assisted extraction technology uses the property of enzymes to break down plant tissues and accelerate the release of polysaccharides.…”