Optimization of free chlorine, electric and current efficiency in an electrochemical reactor for water disinfection purposes by RSM

Naderi, Maziar; Nasseri, Simin

doi:10.1007/s40201-020-00551-3

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This effect was also reported in previous studies. , These trends are represented in a main effects plot (Supporting Information, Figure S2). The results of these experiments are in agreement with previous studies. , These variables were selected for further optimization study.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

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Drinking Water Electrochlorination in a Single-Pass Biomimetic Flow Cell with Zero Salt Dosing

García-López,

Arenas,

Hereijgers

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Electrochlorination is an efficient and cost-effective treatment technique to provide safe drinking water in remote locations. Commercial electrochlorinators normally rely on the replenishment of salts to generate the disinfectant. In this work, a novel undivided electrochemical flow cell with affordable electrode materials (graphite and stainless steel) is proposed, simulating the chlorides naturally present in groundwater sources (25−250 mg• L −1 ). The biomimetic 3D-printed flow field allows to generate chlorine in a single pass with residence times lower than 1 min. Parameters controlling the electrochlorination are evaluated through a definitive screening design and include applied current, flow rate, and concentration of ions, such as chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, and calcium. The main factors influencing free chlorine are chloride concentration, applied current, and water inlet flow rate. These significant parameters are further studied and optimized in a Box− Behnken design, obtaining free chlorine concentrations higher than 0.5 mg•L −1 in all evaluated chloride concentrations, with a maximum of 3.70 mg•L −1 for the most favorable conditions. The optimal conditions for achieving the minimum specific energy consumption (SEC) while maximizing chlorine production were identified at a chloride concentration of 250 mg•L −1 , operating with a flow rate of 400 mL•h −1 and applying a current of 35.5 mA. This setup resulted in the lowest observed SEC of 0.59 Wh•mg FC −1 . The favorable results for electrochlorination in this type of cell open up the possibility for scale-up, allowing processing at higher drinking water flow rates.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 88%

“…The results of these experiments are in agreement with previous studies. 56,57 These variables were selected for further optimization study.…”

Section: Selection Of Significant Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water Electrochlorination in a Single-Pass Biomimetic Flow Cell with Zero Salt Dosing

García-López,

Arenas,

Hereijgers

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The highest concentration of hypochlorite was obtained at an optimal flow rate of 4.5 mL/min. This is due to a decrease in the diffusion layer thickness (δ) at the anode and cathode, resulting in an increase in the rate of mass transfer at the cathode and anode [31].…”

Section: Influence Of Influent Feed Flow Rate On Naocl Concentration ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Production of Sodium Hypochlorite from Salty Wastewater Using a Flow-by Porous Graphite Electrode

et al. 2023

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The production of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) from salty wastewater using an electrochemical cell has several advantages over other methods that often require hazardous chemicals and generate toxic waste, being more sustainable and environmentally friendly. However, the process of producing sodium hypochlorite using an electrochemical cell requires careful control of the operating conditions, such as the current density, flow rate, inert electrode spacing, and electrolyte concentration, to optimize the conversion efficiency and prevent electrode fouling and degradation. In this study, NaOCl was produced via a bench-scale electrochemical cell using a flowing porous graphite electrode in a continuous flow system from salty wastewater collected from the Suez Canal in Egypt. The aim of the investigation was to examine the factors that affect the concentration of NaOCl and energy consumption, such as anodic current density, salinity, inert electrode spacing, and influent feed flow rate. A lab-scale reactor with two electrodes was used to conduct the experiments. The highest NaOCl yield of 20.6% was achieved with a graphite electrode, which had high current efficiency and rigidity at a flow rate of 4.5 mL/min, a current density of 3.183 mA/cm2, an electrode space of 0.5 cm, salinity of 40,000 ppm, and a pH of 6.4. The power consumption under these conditions was 0.0137 kwh. Additionally, a statistical and least square multivariate regression technique was employed to establish a correlation for predicting the % NaOCl production. The obtained correlation had an R2 value of 98.4%. Overall, this investigation provides valuable insights into the production of NaOCl using a continuous flow system from salty wastewater, which could have potential for industrial applications in various sectors such as textiles, detergents, paper, and pulp.

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“…Superior to free radical species, the active chlorine is competent for the removal of ammonium [ 15 ]; of course, the structures of dye molecules can be destroyed by active chlorine [ 16 ]. However, for the generally active chlorine-based oxidation systems (liquid chlorine, sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)), the transportation and storage will lead to serious environmental risks [ 17 , 18 ]. For the chemical oxidation techniques, to eradicate the potential environmental problems linked to transportation and storage, an alternative strategy (i.e., in situ electrochemical generations of oxidants) will be a commendable choice.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of PbO2/PVDF/CC Composite and Employment for the Removal of Methyl Orange

et al. 2023

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The in situ electrochemical oxidation process has received considerable attention for the removal of dye molecules and ammonium from textile dyeing and finishing wastewater. Nevertheless, the cost and durability of the catalytic anode have seriously limited industrial applications of this technique. In this work, the lab-based waste polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was employed to fabricate a novel lead dioxide/polyvinylidene fluoride/carbon cloth composite (PbO2/PVDF/CC) via integrated surface coating and electrodeposition processes. The influences of operating parameters (pH, Cl− concentration, current density, and initial concentration of pollutant) on the oxidation efficiency of PbO2/PVDF/CC were evaluated. Under optimal conditions, this composite achieves a 100% decolorization of methyl orange (MO), 99.48% removal of ammonium, and 94.46% conversion for ammonium-based nitrogen to N2, as well as an 82.55% removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). At the coexistent condition of ammonium and MO, MO decolorization, ammonium, and COD removals still remain around 100%, 99.43%, and 77.33%, respectively. It can be assigned to the synergistic oxidation effect of hydroxyl radical and chloride species for MO and the chlorine oxidation action for ammonium. Based on the determination of various intermediates, MO is finally mineralized to CO2 and H2O, and ammonium is mainly converted to N2. The PbO2/PVDF/CC composite exhibits excellent stability and safety.

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Optimization of free chlorine, electric and current efficiency in an electrochemical reactor for water disinfection purposes by RSM

Cited by 14 publications

References 11 publications

Drinking Water Electrochlorination in a Single-Pass Biomimetic Flow Cell with Zero Salt Dosing

Drinking Water Electrochlorination in a Single-Pass Biomimetic Flow Cell with Zero Salt Dosing

Electrochemical Production of Sodium Hypochlorite from Salty Wastewater Using a Flow-by Porous Graphite Electrode

Fabrication of PbO2/PVDF/CC Composite and Employment for the Removal of Methyl Orange

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