“…However, owing to the current differences in CASA brands and principles and the limitations of computer identification technology, it is difficult for computerized analysis to achieve consistency and accuracy in sperm concentration and morphological analysis. 8 Therefore, manual testing for semen concentration and sperm morphology analysis is still recommended in the WHO manual. However, owing to the large workload of major hospitals and the ideological awareness of testers, it is difficult to promote routine manual analysis on a large scale.…”