Optimization of hybrid electric drive system components in long-haul vehicles for the evaluation of customer requirements

Fries, Michael; Wolff, Sebastian; Horlbeck, Lorenz; Kerler, M.; Lienkamp, Markus; Burke, Andrew; Fulton, Lew

doi:10.1109/peds.2017.8289236

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Key figures for the single components multiplied with the respective parameters and the trading margins result in the total purchase price (Fries et al., ). The implemented TCO model consists of four cost parts: (a) kilometer dependent, (b) personnel, (c) time dependent, and (d) overhead costs (Fries et al., ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrical components add additional weight and cost to the vehicle. Reducing the size of the internal combustion engine (ICE) can compensate for the weight, whereas the reduced fuel costs compensate for the higher purchase price (Fries, Wolff, & Lienkamp, ). Depending on the size of the electric motor, several forms of hybrid systems exist, whereas full hybrid systems promise the largest emission savings.…”

Section: State Of Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technoecological analysis of energy carriers for long‐haul transportation

Wolff

Fries

Lienkamp

2019

J of Industrial Ecology

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Long‐haul transportation demand is predicted to increase in the future, resulting in higher carbon dioxide emissions. Different drivetrain technologies, such as hybrid or battery electric vehicles, electrified roads, liquefied natural gas and hydrogen, might offer solutions to this problem. To assess their ecological and economic impact, these concepts were simulated including a weight and cost model to estimate the total cost of ownership. An evolutionary algorithm optimizes each vehicle to find a concept specific optimal solution. A model calculates the minimum investment in infrastructure required to meet the energy demand for each concept. A well‐to‐wheel analysis takes into account upstream and on‐road carbon dioxide emissions, to compare fully electric vehicles with conventional combustion engines. Investment in new infrastructure is the biggest drawback of electrified road concepts, although they offer low CO2 emissions. The diesel hybrid is the best compromise between carbon reduction and costs.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: State Of Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Technoecological analysis of energy carriers for long‐haul transportation

Wolff

Fries

Lienkamp

2019

J of Industrial Ecology

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“…In the context of battery electric trucks, most literature focuses on the feasibility [4][5][6][7][8] or performance evaluation [9] analyses. In addition, some recent research has focused on the type of technology used for the components, in particular focusing on: (i) the electric machine technology [10], (ii) battery technology [11,12], or (iii) the transmission technology [10,[13][14][15]. A few publications considered optimizing the components' sizing for a single or a few topologies [10,15,16], often combined with the control optimization.…”

Section: System-level Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cost of the transmission unit, or the gearbox, is denoted by C g l . The linear cost model parameters of the electric machine, inverter, and battery models were estimated based on multiple references [11,[33][34][35][36][37] and are listed in Table 5. Hereto, the values of all references are plotted versus the year the cost models applied.…”

Section: Cost Model Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Powertrain Topology Analysis and Design for Heavy-Duty Trucks

2020

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Powertrain system design optimization is an unexplored territory for battery electric trucks, which only recently have been seen as a feasible solution for sustainable road transport. To investigate the potential of these vehicles, in this paper, a variety of new battery electric powertrain topologies for heavy-duty trucks is studied. Thereby, topological design considerations are analyzed related to having: (a) a central or distributed drive system (individually-driven wheels); (b) a single or a multi-speed gearbox; and finally, (c) a single or multiple electric machines. For reasons of comparison, each concurrent powertrain topology is optimized using a bilevel optimization framework, incorporating both powertrain components and control design. The results show that the combined choice of powertrain topology and number of gears in the gearbox can result in a 5.6% total-cost-of-ownership variation of the vehicle and can, significantly, influence the optimal sizing of the electric machine(s). The lowest total-cost-of-ownership is achieved by a distributed topology with two electric machines and two two-speed gearboxes. Furthermore, results show that the largest average reduction in total-cost-of-ownership is achieved by choosing a distributed drive over a central drive topology (−1.0%); followed by using a two-speed gearbox over a single speed (−0.6%); and lastly, by using two electric machines over using one for the central drive topologies (−0.3%).

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“…It is applied on component level [12][13][14] and on system level. On system level, common fields of application are the vehicle structure [15,16], the powertrain design [17][18][19][20] as well as the suspension design [21][22][23]. Each of the approaches for powertrain or suspension design optimization is limited to its field of research and does not take into account further systems such as vehicle dynamics in powertrain design optimization.…”

Section: Vehicle Design Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parameter-adaption for a vehicle dynamics model for the evaluation of powertrain concept designs

et al. 2019

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The powertrain design of multi-motor electric vehicles directly affects not only costs, consumption and acceleration, but also the handling of a vehicle. Therefore, a holistic powertrain design optimization needs to include a vehicle dynamics model in its objective function. While the parameters for the powertrain model result from the design variables that describe the powertrain, the parameters for the vehicle dynamics model must be adapted in a feasible way to ensure comparable results. Therefore, the authors present a method on how to adaptively parametrize a double-track vehicle dynamics model for the use in powertrain design optimization. Automated design calculations for all main chassis and suspension parts are used to determine the parameters for the model. A parameter variation proves the plausibility of the approach. The results show that an adaption of the suspension and chassis parameters due to changes in the powertrain make results more comparable but do not compensate for the effects on the vehicle handling. In particular, the steady state longitudinal load distribution still has major influences on the vehicle handling.

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Optimization of hybrid electric drive system components in long-haul vehicles for the evaluation of customer requirements

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Technoecological analysis of energy carriers for long‐haul transportation

Technoecological analysis of energy carriers for long‐haul transportation

Electric Powertrain Topology Analysis and Design for Heavy-Duty Trucks

Parameter-adaption for a vehicle dynamics model for the evaluation of powertrain concept designs

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