Optimization of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Vehicles with Dynamic On-off Power Loads Using a Nested Formulation

Abstract

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Author Contributions: J.L. and Z.D. proposed and developed the new optimization problem formulation and solution methods; H.D. developed, modified and applied the MSSR global optimization search algorithm; T.J. and L.L. introduced the electrified LHD design and performance simulations; B.M. built the DC/DC converter power loss model; J.L. prepared the manuscripts.