Optimization of Low Salinity Water/Surfactant Flooding Design for Oil-Wet Carbonate Reservoirs by Introducing a Negative Salinity Gradient

Abstract

Engineered water surfactant flooding (EWSF) is a novel EOR technique to reduce residual oil saturation; however, it becomes quite challenging to obtain Winsor Type III microemulsion and the lowest IFT under actual reservoir conditions if only low salinity water is used. The main objective of this study was to design a negative salinity gradient to optimize the performance of the hybrid method. Three corefloods were performed on carbonate outcrop samples. The injection sequence in the first test was conventional waterflooding followed by optimum engineered water injection (2900 ppm) and finally an EWSF stage. The second and third tests were conducted using a varying negative salinity gradient. Engineered water for this study was designed by 10 times dilution of Caspian Sea water and spiking with key active ions. A higher salinity gradient was used for the first negative salinity gradient test. A total of 4300 ppm brine with 1 wt% surfactant was injected as a pre-flush after waterflooding followed by a further reduced salinity brine (~1400 ppm). The second negative salinity gradient test consisted of three post-waterflooding injection stages with salinities of 4600, 3700, and 290 ppm, respectively. Up to 8% and 16% more incremental oil recovery after waterflooding was obtained in the second and third tests, respectively, as compared to the first test. The descending order of brine salinity helped to create an optimum salinity environment for the surfactant despite surfactant adsorption. This study provided an optimum design for a successful LSSF test by adjusting the brine salinity and creating a negative salinity gradient during surfactant flooding. A higher reduction in residual oil saturation can be achieved by carefully designing an LSSF test, improving project economics.

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“…Nanomaterials 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 32 [13][14][15], alternative fuels [16,17], catalysis [18][19][20], templated synthesis of nanoparticles [21][22][23][24][25][26], and environmental remediation [27][28][29][30][31].…”

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