“…Thus, the development of high-resolution cell patterning, which is also capable of rapidly controlling multiple types of cells with good cell viability to preserve cell-cell interactions as well as potentially modulating cell behaviour, is important and challenging. 20 Compared with the passive cell-patterning techniques addressed above, an active manipulation method, dielectrophoresis (DEP), 21,22 has been recently widely used and demonstrated with the functions of trapping, [23][24][25] separation, 26,27 sorting, 28,29 and handling 30 for beads, specific bioparticles, and even neural stem cells. 31 For rapid manipulation and patterning on delicate cells like liver cells, our earlier efforts have been demonstrated by taking advantage of negative DEP force for cell patterning and positioning.…”