Optimization of microwave‐assisted extraction of analgesic and anti‐inflammatory drugs from human plasma and urine using response surface experimental designs†

Abstract

The performance of microwave-assisted extraction and HPLC with photodiode array detection method for determination of six analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs from plasma and urine, is described, optimized, and validated. Several parameters affecting the extraction technique were optimized using experimental designs. A four-factor (temperature, phosphate buffer pH 4.0 volume, extraction solvent volume, and time) hybrid experimental design was used for extraction optimization in plasma, and three-factor (temperature, extraction solvent volume, and time) Doehlert design was chosen to extraction optimization in urine. The use of desirability functions revealed the optimal extraction conditions as follows: 67°C, 4 mL phosphate buffer pH 4.0, 12 mL of ethyl acetate and 9 min, for plasma and the same volume of buffer and ethyl acetate, 115°C and 4 min for urine. Limits of detection ranged from 4 to 45 ng/mL in plasma and from 8 to 85 ng/mL in urine. The reproducibility evaluated at two concentration levels was less than 6.5% for both specimens. The recoveries were from 89 to 99% for plasma and from 83 to 99% for urine. The proposed method was successfully applied in plasma and urine samples obtained from analgesic users.

Response surface methodology applied to SPE for the determination of ibuprofen in various types of water samples

“…In the work of Zhou et al , the volatile oil of frankincense (an aromatic resin obtained from trees of the genus Boswellia ) was extracted with supercritical CO 2 and a Box–Behnken second‐order design was used . A simple and efficient microwave‐assisted extraction was optimized for the extraction of polyphenols from industrial apple pomace , and for the extraction of six analgesic and anti‐inflammatory drugs from plasma and urine . Bai et al employed a Box–Behnken design, and Fernández et al mentioned the use of four‐factor hybrid experimental design for extraction optimization in plasma, and a three‐factor Doehlert design for extraction optimization in urine .…”

“…A simple and efficient microwave‐assisted extraction was optimized for the extraction of polyphenols from industrial apple pomace , and for the extraction of six analgesic and anti‐inflammatory drugs from plasma and urine . Bai et al employed a Box–Behnken design, and Fernández et al mentioned the use of four‐factor hybrid experimental design for extraction optimization in plasma, and a three‐factor Doehlert design for extraction optimization in urine . In the study of Li et al , a novel dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed for the preconcentration and determination of aryloxyphenoxypropinate herbicides in aqueous samples.…”

Microwave-Assisted Extraction

“…24 Detailed MAE conditions for extraction of samples containing PPCPs (i.e., synthetic musks, triclosan, caffeine, carbamazepine, ciprofloxin, fluoroquinolones, flumequine, ibuprofen, naproxen, norfloxacin, phenazone, and others) can be found in Ref. 116 A review article on MAE and cloud point extraction of drugs and other bioactive compounds with detailed extraction conditions was published by Madej. Extraction solvents for pharmaceutical compounds include dichloromethane-methanol (2:1, v/v), water containing a nonionic surfactant, 1 M phosphoric acid (pH 2) and dichloromethane, acetonitrile-water (6:1, v/v), and acetonitrile-water (4:1, v/v).…”

Microwave assisted extraction of ketamine and its metabolites from skeletal tissues

“…13 MAE has also been used to detect drugs in biological matrices including cocaine and opiates, 14,15 tricyclic antidepressants 16 and anti-inammatory drugs. 17 In MAE, microwave radiation is absorbed by the solvent and/ or sample, which leads to sample heating by two mechanisms: ionic conduction and/or dipole rotation. Ionic conduction is a result of resistive heating of the solution as ions migrate under a changing electric eld.…”