Optimization of Multi-Track Laser-Cladding Process of Titanium Alloy Based on RSM and NSGA-II Algorithm

Abstract

Titanium alloy is an important material in the 21st century and its consumption in the aerospace and energy fields is increasing. In the production and repair of titanium alloy, the problem of energy saving and consumption reduction is becoming increasingly important. Laser-cladding technology with optimized parameters can bring great economic benefit. In order to obtain the best process parameters of laser-cladding TC4 alloy powder, a method of laser-cladding parameters’ optimization based on the RSM and NSGA-II Algorithm is proposed. The BBD (Box–Behnken Design) experiment scheme was designed by the response surface method. A surrogate model between input variables (laser power, scanning speed, and powder-feeding speed) and response values (macroscopic quality, microhardness, and average friction coefficient) was established. The second generation non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used to optimize the process parameters and the optimization results were verified by experiments. The results show that the optimum parameters are a laser power of 2600 W, scanning speed of 19.1 mm/s, and powder-feeding rate of 12.2 g/min. The samples prepared with the best process parameters show mainly abrasive wear, accompanied by a small amount of adhesive wear. Its wear depth is 7.71 μm and the average friction coefficient is 0.293. After cladding, the macroscopic quality of the cladding layer is increased by 5.8%, the microhardness is increased by 10.1%, and the average friction coefficient is reduced by 27.6%.

Effect of WC Content on the Wear and Corrosion Properties of Oscillating Laser-Cladding-Produced Nickel-Based Coating

“…From Figure 1, it can be observed that all four groups of laser-cladded layers exhibit obvious WC particles and slight defects. Additionally, there is a distinct bright band at the interface between the laser-cladded layer and the heataffected zone (HAZ), where the laser-cladded layer exhibits a smooth and continuous surface contour line with minimal amounts of slag [28,29], indicating a good metallurgical bond between the laser-cladded layer and the substrate. continuous surface contour line with minimal amounts of slag [28,29], indicating a good metallurgical bond between the laser-cladded layer and the substrate.…”

Numerical simulation and experimental study on pitting damage of IN625 laser cladding layer

“…2 The cladding layer is influenced by process parameters such as cladding powder, powder feeding rate, scanning speed, and laser power. 3,4 Harsh and demanding environments can induce structural damage, thermal impairment, and corrosion failure in the cladding layer. 5 The IN625 powder belongs to the Ni-Cr-Fe series alloy, a nickel-based alloy, and the laser cladding layer possesses exceptional high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and deformation resistance.…”

“…2 The cladding layer is influenced by process parameters such as cladding powder, powder feeding rate, scanning speed, and laser power. 3,4 Harsh and demanding environments can induce structural damage, thermal impairment, and corrosion failure in the cladding layer. 5…”

Gradient Coating of Laser Cladding TiB2/Ti-Based Alloy on Titanium Alloy Surface

“…Titanium alloy has the mechanical properties of low density, high specific strength, high specific modulus, corrosion resistance and non-magnetic. Recently, titanium alloys have been adopted as a substitute for structural steel in the construction of aircraft parts such as bulkheads, slide rails, landing gear beams, fans, compressor discs and blades [1,2]. Moreover, due to the high specific fracture toughness, good medium and low temperature toughness and high melting point, titanium alloys are also extensively used in the manufacturing of various accessories of aero-engine casings, such as cups, double hinges, anti-icing shells and afterburner impellers of fuel systems, etc.…”