The 21st century is an era of rapid development of information and frequent international exchanges, and Japanese language teaching has received increasing attention. Because of this, colleges and universities are now focused on improving the quality of Japanese education, both now and in the future. We need to boost the whole management of teaching quality, notably the assessment of instructors’ teaching quality, in order to improve teaching quality. However, because a number of factors influence the quality of instruction, and each factor’s weight varies, the evaluation results are difficult to express in a mathematical analytical formula, resulting in a complex nonlinear classification problem that traditional classification methods cannot solve well. As a new technology, as a result of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) fundamental qualities, it has been extensively applied in different evaluation issues for pattern recognition, nonlinear classification, and other research. This subject introduces the optimized deep neural network theory into Japanese teaching quality evaluation and completes the following work: (1) the algorithm of discrete Hopfield neural network is introduced in detail, and the neural network theory is introduced into teaching evaluation. (2) Then, based on the evaluation data of teachers’ teaching quality in a school, a large number of simulation experiments and training were carried out, and a neural network model for evaluation of teachers’ teaching effect was constructed and designed. Experiments reveal that the neural network model proposed in this paper is a nonlinear mapping method, which increases the evaluation’s dependability and makes the outcomes more effective and objective.