Optimization of PIXE sensitivity for biomedical applications

Campbell, John L.; Russell, S.B.; Faiq, S.; Schulte, C.W.; Ollerhead, R. W.; Gingerich, R.R.

doi:10.1016/0029-554x(81)90622-4

Cited by 20 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…nique for analyzing biological samples (22). To demonstrate the precision and detection limits obtainable with PIXE, we examined 35 control rabbit kidney slices from 9 experiments.…”

Section: Pixe Instrument and Sample Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Analysis of Renal Slices by Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission

Lowe¹,

Chen²,

Fernaǹdo³

et al. 1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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Methods for analyzing elements in biological samples are important for studying the effects of intoxication. Since its introduction in 1970 (1), proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) has been shown to be a powerful, multielemental analysis technique with high sensitivity (2). The PIXE technique involves bombarding a sample with protons which eject inner-shell electrons of the elements in the sample ; the subsequent decay of the induced electronic states results in the emission of X-rays whose energies are characteristic of the elements present in the sample and whose intensities are proportional to the concentrations of these elements. A liquid-nitrogen-cooled solid-state Si(Li) detector and a multichannel analyzer are used to determine the energies as well as the intensities of the emitted X-rays, and a computer program identifies the elements present and calculates their concentrations. Although the application of PIXE to biological samples is not new (3), and recent reviews have emphasized the usefulness of this technique (4-7), the optimization of PIXE for use in typical animal toxicity studies has not been described in the toxicology literature. Here we present the optimization of the instrumentation, sample preparation, and the application of PIXE to a disposition study of metals in renal tissue. The implementation of the PIXE technique has been limited mostly to physics and nuclear research laboratories because no commercial instrumentation is available. The proton beams for PIXE are generated by Van de Graaff accelerators that are not in high demand for applications in physics because much higher-energy ion beams are preferred in most nuclear physics research. The availability of high-energy accelerators has therefore made PIXE an attractive alternative to other conventional, multielemental analytical methods. The simultaneous quantification of a large number of elements in a sample makes PIXE an important analytical tool for use in diverse toxicological studies. Overview of PIXE Theory and Technique X-rays are produced as electrons from outer shells rapidly decay to replace inner-shell electrons ejected by high-energy protons. The energies of the X-ray emissions are characteristic of the elements, and the intensities of the emissions are proportional to the concentrations of the elements in the sample. The useful range of emitted X-ray energies for PIXE is 1-30 keV; the Si(Li) detector is capable of resolving X-ray emissions as closely spaced as 150 eV, and, as a consequence, 20-30 elements can be readily identified and determined simultaneously. An X-ray spectrum of a thin copper film,deposited on a carbon substrate is shown in Figure 1. The dominant features of the spectrum are the copper K. and K X-ray emission lines resulting from the ejection of the K (innermost) shell electrons of copper. The shape of the X-ray emission peaks in the spectrum is primarily Gaussian; the width of the peak is defined by the statistical distribution of the electrical pulses generated by X-ray photons in the...

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“…nique for analyzing biological samples (22). To demonstrate the precision and detection limits obtainable with PIXE, we examined 35 control rabbit kidney slices from 9 experiments.…”

Section: Pixe Instrument and Sample Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental Analysis of Renal Slices by Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission

Lowe¹,

Chen²,

Fernaǹdo³

et al. 1993

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…From the very beginning, the method is widely used for the analysis of environmental objects. There are publications, where PIXE was used to determine the content of cesium and other elements in the soil, biosubstrates, plants, water, and so on. Comparison between the possibilities of PIXE and other analytical technologies in evaluation of Cs content in the environmental objects has demonstrated good metrological characteristics of the method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PIXE in the studies of stable cesium sorption from water solutions

et al. 2015

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The possibility of cesium content evaluation by the particle induced X-ray emission method from X-ray emission L-shell at sorption from water solutions has been investigated. Consideration has been given to the processes of dynamic cesium sorption by zeolites from water solutions. The technique has been developed for preparing targets analyzable in the proton beam of energy up to 2.0 MeV. The relationship has been determined between the cesium content and the intensity of X-ray emission L-shell.

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“…The 7.6-jm Kapton window is highly resistant to the effects of the beam because Kapton is a beam-resistant material, and, when coated with cobalt, it facilitates the dissipation of heat and electric charge. The use of thin backing materials and thin specimens, optimization of detector placement with respect to the target, and reduction of instrumental contributions to the background are important factors in optimizing the PIXE instrumental technique for analyzing biological samples (22). To demonstrate the precision and detection limits obtainable with PIXE, we examined 35 control rabbit kidney slices from 9 experiments.…”

Section: Pixe Instrument and Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A liquidnitrogen-cooled solid-state Si(Li) detector and a multichannel analyzer are used to determine the energies as well as the intensities of the emitted X-rays, and a computer program identifies the elements present and calculates their concentrations. Although the application of PIXE to biological samples is not new (3), and recent reviews have emphasized the usefulness of this technique (4)(5)(6)(7), the optimization of PIXE for use in typical animal toxicity studies has not been described in the toxicology literature. Here we present the optimization of the instrumentation, sample preparation, and the application of PIXE to a disposition study of metals in renal tissue.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elemental analysis of renal slices by proton-induced X-ray emission.

Lowe

Chen

Fernaǹdo

et al. 1993

Environ Health Perspect

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Methods for analyzing elements in biological samples are important for studying the effects of intoxication. Since its introduction in 1970 (1), proton-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) has been shown to be a powerful, multielemental analysis technique with high sensitivity (2). The PIXE technique involves bombarding a sample with protons which eject innershell electrons of the elements in the sample; the subsequent decay of the induced electronic states results in the emission of X-rays whose energies are characteristic of the elements present in the sample and whose intensities are proportional to the concentrations of these elements. A liquidnitrogen-cooled solid-state Si(Li) detector and a multichannel analyzer are used to determine the energies as well as the intensities of the emitted X-rays, and a computer program identifies the elements present and calculates their concentrations. Although the application of PIXE to biological samples is not new (3), and recent reviews have emphasized the usefulness of this technique (4-7), the optimization of PIXE for use in typical animal toxicity studies has not been described in the toxicology literature. Here we present the optimization of the instrumentation, sample preparation, and the application of PIXE to a disposition study of metals in renal tissue.The implementation of the PIXE technique has been limited mostly to physics and nuclear research laboratories because no commercial instrumentation is available. The proton beams for PIXE are generated by Van de Graaff accelerators that are not in high demand for applications in physics because much higher-energy ion beams are preferred in most nuclear physics research. The availability of high-energy accelerators has therefore made PIXE an attractive alternative to other conventional, multielemental analytical methods. The simultaneous quantification of a large number of elements in a sample makes PIXE an important analytical tool for use in diverse toxicological studies.Overview of PIXE Theory and Technique X-rays are produced as electrons from outer shells rapidly decay to replace innershell electrons ejected by high-energy protons. The energies of the X-ray emissions are characteristic of the elements, and the intensities of the emissions are proportional to the concentrations of the elements in the sample. The useful range of emitted X-ray energies for PIXE is 1-30 keV; the Si(Li) detector is capable of resolving X-ray emissions as closely spaced as 150 eV, and, as a consequence, 20-30 elements can be readily identified and determined simultaneously.An X-ray spectrum of a thin copper film,deposited on a carbon substrate is shown in Figure 1. The dominant features of the spectrum are the copper K. and K X-ray emission lines resulting from the ejection of the K (innermost) shell electrons of copper. The shape of the X-ray emission peaks in the spectrum is primarily Gaussian; the width of the peak is defined by the statistical distribution of the electrical pulses generated by X-ray photons in the Si(L...

show abstract

Optimization of PIXE sensitivity for biomedical applications

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

Elemental Analysis of Renal Slices by Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission

Elemental Analysis of Renal Slices by Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission

PIXE in the studies of stable cesium sorption from water solutions

Elemental analysis of renal slices by proton-induced X-ray emission.

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