Optimization of Porphyran Extraction from Pyropia yezoensis by Response Surface Methodology and Its Lipid-Lowering Effects

Abstract

Macroalgae polysaccharides are phytochemicals that are beneficial to human health. In this study, response surface methodology was applied to optimize the extraction procedure of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP). The optimum extraction parameters were: 100 °C (temperature), 120 min (time), and 29.32 mL/g (liquid–solid ratio), and the maximum yield of PYP was 22.15 ± 0.55%. The physicochemical characteristics of PPYP, purified from PYP, were analyzed, along with its lipid-lowering effect, using HepG2 cells and Drosophila melanogaster larvae. PPYP was a β-type sulfated hetero-rhamno-galactan-pyranose with a molecular weight of 151.6 kDa and a rhamnose-to-galactose molar ratio of 1:5.3. The results demonstrated that PPYP significantly reduced the triglyceride content in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 cells and high-sucrose-fed D. melanogaster larvae by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, reducing lipogenesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation. To summarize, PPYP can lower lipid levels in HepG2 cells and larval fat body (the functional homolog tissue of the human liver), suggesting that PPYP may be administered as a potential marine lipid-lowering drug.

Preparation, Optimization, and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of Cinnamomum longepaniculatum Essential Oil in β-Cyclodextrin

“…Before designing the response surface parameter, single-factor experiments were carried out to decide the appropriate range of various factors [27]. The ranges of independent variables were as follows: ratios of H 2 O to β-CD (5:1, 10:1, 15:1, 20:1, 25:1 mL/g), stirring time (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 h), ratios of β-CD to CLEO (4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1, 12:1 g/mL) and stirring temperature (20,30,40,50, 60 • C) [28]. The effect of each factor was determined by changing it in defined ranges while all other factors were constant, where the H 2 O/β-CD ratio was 5:1, stirring time was 1 h, β-CD/CLEO ratio was 10:1, and stirring temperature was 20 • C; each experiment was repeated three times.…”

“…According to data of the single-factor tests, three factors, including CLEO/β-CD ratio (A), stirring temperature (B), and stirring time (C), were selected as variables to conduct runs of RSM. Three levels of variates were confirmed on the basis of preliminary tests and coded as −1, 0, and 1 [30]. Factors codes and levels are shown in Table 1.…”

Algal Polysaccharides-Based Hydrogels: Extraction, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

“…The structure of porphyrin is similar to that of carrageenan and agarose, so the extraction process is comparable ( Figure 15 ); for example, pre-treatment with alkali (e.g., sodium hydroxide) can increase 3, 6-AG content enhancing the gelation property [ 78 ]. Furthermore, ethanol is added to remove alcohol-soluble components in the pre-treatment [ 79 ].…”