“…In short, ReaxFF uses the following equation to find the energy of the system. E system = E bond + E over + E under + E lp + E val + E tor + E vdWaals + E coulomb where E bond , E over , E under , E bond , E lp , E val , E tor , E vdwaals , and E coulomb represent bond energy, overcoordination energy penalty, undercoordination stability, lone-pair energy, valence angle energy, torsion angle energy, van der Waals energy, and Coulomb energy, respectively. A more detailed description can be found in previous ReaxFF-related articles. ,− After training against energy and conformational data from quantum mechanics (QM) calculations, , ReaxFF can provide atomistic descriptions of many complex chemical reactions, including the interactions between electrode–electrolyte molecules, as presented here. The reactive force field (ReaxFF) is a multiscale approach to simulating chemical reactions, such as bond formation and breaking in nanoscale systems.…”