The optimal composition and conditions for obtaining hot-pressed ceramics based on powders of technical boron carbide, which has high physical and mechanical properties and can be effectively used in extreme operating conditions, are determined. The influence of activating impurities in the form of oxides in the composition of the initial charge on the formation of the composite material structure in the process of hot pressing is experimentally established. X-ray diffraction analysis of heterophase ceramics which is formed is carried out and it is shown that in the process of hot pressing of ceramics, borides of the corresponding oxides are formed, refining of ceramics with the emergence of secondary structures takes place, and heterogeneous state of the formed ceramics provides a high level of structural characteristics. It is established that the use of activating impurities in the form of Cr2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 oxides provides the possibility of using industrial technical powders of boron carbide with high free carbon content in the production of ceramics with fine-grained structure and high mechanical properties (Gzg 600-800 MPa) in a wide temperature range.