Optimization of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy for the identification and quantitation of reinforcing particles in polyurethanes

Hitchcock, Adam P.; Koprinarov, I.; Tyliszczak, Tolek; Rightor, E. G.; Mitchell, G. E.; Dineen, M. T.; Hayes, F. Newton; Lidy, W.; Priester, Ralph D.; Urquhart, Stephen G.; Smith, A. P.; Ade, Harald

doi:10.1016/s0304-3991(00)00113-3

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…A stack is essentially a three dimensional map in position, energy and transmission. NEXAFS spectra from individual pixels or particular regions of interest on the sample image are extracted from the stack, enabling spatial mapping of chemical bonding information [Hitchcock, et al, 2001]. This technique is operated in the transmission mode in this work; therefore the resultant signal is recorded from an entire particle representing an average of both surface and bulk properties.…”

Section: The Experimental Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical bonding and structure of black carbon reference materials and individual carbonaceous atmospheric aerosols

Hopkins

Tivanski

Marten³

et al. 2007

Journal of Aerosol Science

112

144

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The carbon-to-oxygen ratios and graphitic nature of a range of black carbon standard reference materials (BC SRMs), high molecular mass humic-like substances (HULIS) and atmospheric particles are examined using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) coupled with near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Using STXM/NEXAFS, individual particles with diameter >100 nm are studied, thus the diversity of atmospheric particles collected during a variety of field missions is assessed. Applying a semi-quantitative peak fitting method to the NEXAFS spectra enables a comparison of BC SRMs and HULIS to particles originating from anthropogenic combustion and biomass burns, thus allowing determination of the suitability of these materials for representing atmospheric particles. Anthropogenic combustion and biomass burn particles can be distinguished from one another using both chemical bonding and structural ordering information. While anthropogenic combustion particles are characterized by a high proportion of aromatic-C, the presence of benzoquinone and are highly structurally ordered, biomass burn particles exhibit lower structural ordering, a smaller proportion of aromatic-C and contain a much higher proportion of oxygenated functional groups.

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Section: The Experimental Techniquementioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical bonding and structure of black carbon reference materials and individual carbonaceous atmospheric aerosols

Hopkins

Tivanski

Marten³

et al. 2007

Journal of Aerosol Science

112

144

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“…It should be mentioned that zone-plate-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) for absorption spectroscopy can achieve smaller spatial resolution of about 50 nm. 3 In transmission mode with the detector in downstream position, high-resolution zone plates with smaller focal length can be used and positioned close to the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zone-Plate-Based Scanning Photoelectron Microscopy at Srrc: Performance and Applications

et al. 2002

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Adapting classical spectroscopic methods to the new challenge of studying nanomaterials, imaging techniques are the trendsetter in recent years. Among them is scanning photoelectron microscopy (SPEM) with submicron spatial resolution, where the sample surface is raster-scanned by a focused soft X-ray beam, and the emitted photoelectrons are collected at each point by the input optics of an electron energy analyzer. We have constructed such a station at SRRC in Taiwan, which is now fully in operation. In this paper, we introduce the specific features of the instrument and discuss application examples on the characterization of scanning-probe-induced Si3N4 to SiOx conversion and electron-and plasma-induced chemical changes in alkanethiols self-assembled monolayers. In combining two-dimensional imaging and micro-photoemission, SPEM can reveal valuable information on the chemical and electronic properties of structured and multiphase materials.

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“…Further examples of the sorts of materials characterization technologies being practiced at Dow that will not be discussed here include the characterization of orientation in poly(lactic acid) films and fibers using Raman spectroscopy, [1] phase partitioning of additives in rubber-modified materials, [2] and characterization of the morphology of polyurethane systems using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. [3] This paper is divided into three segments. The first describes the chromatographic characterization of composition distributions in polymeric systems by adsorption chromatography.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Polymer Separations

Lyons¹,

Poché²,

Wang³

et al. 2000

Adv. Mater.

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Optimization of scanning transmission X-ray microscopy for the identification and quantitation of reinforcing particles in polyurethanes

Cited by 34 publications

References 25 publications

Chemical bonding and structure of black carbon reference materials and individual carbonaceous atmospheric aerosols

Chemical bonding and structure of black carbon reference materials and individual carbonaceous atmospheric aerosols

Zone-Plate-Based Scanning Photoelectron Microscopy at Srrc: Performance and Applications

Recent Advances in Polymer Separations

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