Optimization of sol–gel coatings on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate and its application in epoxy resin

Qu, Hongqiang; Hao, Jianwei; Wu, Weihong; Zhao, Xiaowei; Jiang, Subin

doi:10.1177/0734904112442360

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The process comprises hydrolysis and condensation reactions that lead to the formation of inorganic or organic-inorganic coatings. This technique is well documented for different polymers (Qu et al 2012) (Chiang and Ma 2004), and now also for cotton textiles (Alongi et al 2012).…”

Section: Silicon Based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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Wood is one of the most sustainable, aesthetically pleasing and environmentally benign materials. Not only is wood often an integral part of structures, it is also the main source of furnishings found in homes, schools, and offices around the world. The often inevitable hazards of fire make wood a very desirable material for further investigation. As well as ignition resistance and a low heat release rate, timber products have long been required to resist burnthrough and maintain structural integrity whilst continuing to provide protection when exposed to fire or heat. Various industry standard tests are thus required to ensure adequate protection from fire is provided. When heated, wood undergoes thermal degradation and combustion to produce gases, vapours, tars and char. In order to understand and alter the fire behaviour of wood, it is necessary to know in as much detail as possible about its processes of decomposition. Various thermal analysis and flammability assessment techniques are utilised for this purpose, including thermogravimetric analysis, cone calorimetry and the single burning item test. The results of such tests are often highly dependent on various parameters including changes to the gas composition, temperature, heating rate, and sample shape size. Potential approaches for fire retarding timber are reviewed, identifying two main approaches: char formation and isolating layers. Other potential approaches are recognised, including the use of inorganic minerals, such as sericrite, and metal foils in combination with intumescent products. Formulations containing silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus have been reported, and efforts to retain silicon in the wood have been successful using micro-layers of silicon dioxide. Nano-scale fire retardants, such as nanocomposite coatings, are considered to provide a new generation of fire retardants, and may have potential for wood. Expandable graphite is identified for use in polymers and has potential for wood provided coating applications are preferred.

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Section: Silicon Based Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

2013

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“…These drawbacks will restrict their wide industrial applications. To address the above problems, several methods can be employed, such as modifying the surface by using silane coupling agents and surfactants , and microencapsulation with water-insoluble materials such as gel–silica, silicone oil, melamine (MEL), melamine formaldehyde (MF), or polyurethane (PU), via the in situ polymerization method. − Among these methods, surface modifications have been proved to be good methods for improving the interfacial adhesion in a variety of incompatible blends. Microencapsulation is more effective than surface modification to improve the water resistance of APP or IFR, but the results of water resistance is not satisfactory; for example, the exudation of IFR in the composite is not satisfying (such as 3.2%, 4%, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Surface-Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate with KH550 and Silicon Resin on the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene

Liu

Lai

et al. 2015

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), which is an important component of intumescent flame retardant (IFR), has been modified with (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH550) and silicon resin to enhance its hydrophobic properties. The structure and properties of the modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) were well-characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water contact angle (CA). The water CA of MAPP was as high as 148°, which demonstrated that MAPP possessed excellent hydrophobic properties. MAPP and APP were mixed with triazine, which is a char-foaming agent (CFA), and polypropylene (PP) to prepare PP/MAPP/CFA and PP/APP/CFA composites, respectively. The fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of PP/MAPP/CFA and PP/ APP/CFA composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The surface and fracture morphologies were evaluated by SEM. The mechanical properties was analyzed by tensile, flexural, and izod impact tests. The results demonstrated that the MAPP imparted excellent flame retardancy of PP/MAPP/CFA systems, along with a higher LOI value, UL-94 rating, and lower heat release rate and total heat released values. The modification enhanced the interfacial adhesion, mechanical stability, and thermal stability of PP/MAPP/CFA composites. Moreover, PP/MAPP/CFA composites with the thickness of 1.6 mm can still pass the UL-94 V-0 rating after treatment with water for 168 h at 70°C, meanwhile the weight loss rate was decreased from 2.31% for PP/APP/CFA composites to 0.85%, indicating excellent water resistance. This investigation shows a promising formulation for water-resistant intumescent flame-retardant PP composites with extraordinary properties.

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“…The peak at 973 cm −1 is mainly ascribed to P−O groups. Absorption peaks appearing near 660 cm −1 , 940 cm −1 and 1100 cm −1 belong to the vibration of Si−O in Si−O−Si groups . Moreover, the Si−OH stretching band is clearly observed at 3470 cm −1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Microencapsulated melamine phosphate via the sol-gel method and its application in halogen-free and intumescent flame-retarding acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer

et al. 2015

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In this paper, a facile method is introduced to modify melamine phosphate (MP) via the sol–gel process. The aim was simultaneously to increase the water resistance of MP and improve the dispersion and compatibility of MP in acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS). In addition, the incorporation of SiO2 particles into the MP/dipentaerythritol (DPER) system can further ameliorate the char‐forming ability and enhance the flame retardant properties of polymer composites. The chemical structure and surface morphology of SiO2@MP were confirmed and observed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, SEM and TEM, respectively. The results demonstrate that ABS/SiO2@MP/DPER (3/1) at a loading of 30 phr reaches 31.2% limiting oxygen index and achieves a UL‐94 V‐0 rating. Moreover, FTIR spectra indicate that the main char‐forming process of the SiO2@MP/DPER system occurs at 365–420 °C. A potential condensed flame retardant mechanism of SiO2@MP and DPER in ABS composites is proposed via the systematic analysis of char residue after combustion by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

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Optimization of sol–gel coatings on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate and its application in epoxy resin

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Flammability behaviour of wood and a review of the methods for its reduction

Effect of Surface-Modified Ammonium Polyphosphate with KH550 and Silicon Resin on the Flame Retardancy, Water Resistance, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene

Microencapsulated melamine phosphate via the sol-gel method and its application in halogen-free and intumescent flame-retarding acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer

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