Optimization of spray-drying conditions for the preparation of whey protein concentrate–iron complex using response surface methodology

Abstract

In this study, spray-drying process was optimized to produce whey protein concentrate-iron (WPC-Fe) complex with the aim of making iron compatible with food products. WPC-80 and FeSO 4 complex formation was achieved using centrifugation (to remove insoluble iron), ultrafiltration (to remove unbound iron), and spray-drying. Spray-drying of WPC-Fe complex solution was carried out at inlet temperature, flow rate, and total solids (TS) ranging from 126.3°C to 193.6°C, 0.63 to 9.87 ml min −1 , and 1.59% to 18.40%, respectively, as generated by central composite rotatable design. The optimum operating condition for WPC-Fe complex production was 180°C inlet drying temperature, 2.66 ml min −1 flow rate, and 15% TS content. At this optimized condition, moisture content, yield, and solubility were observed to be 4.19%, 8.21 g 100 ml −1 , and 87.53% which were comparable with the predicted values, viz. 4.11%, 8.29 g 100 ml −1 , and 87.63%, respectively. The spray-dried WPC-Fe complex generated could be used in foods as an organic fortifier to reduce the menace of iron deficiency. ARTICLE HISTORY

Microencapsulation of Erythrocytes Extracted from Cavia porcellus Blood in Matrices of Tara Gum and Native Potato Starch

“…Spray-dried erythrocytes are considered a safe and adequate source of heme iron (up to 99%), which is why it is recommended to obtain it from different animal sources, and its subsequent encapsulation through methods that improve the release and absorption of this important nutrient [ 29 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The results obtained in the present investigation were superior to those reported for bovine erythrocytes (EB) encapsulated in maltodextrin, whose maximum value for 20% EB was 0.77 mg Fe/g [ 28 ]; on the other hand, much higher iron contents were reported in the literature for encapsulated ferrous sulfate heptahydrate and ferrous fumarate in various polymeric matrices [ 28 , 31 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Nevertheless, it is recommended that a combination of erythrocytes from animal blood and non-heme iron sources be used to achieve greater stability and bioavailability [ 28 , 38 ].…”

Protein Isolate of Jack Bean Tempeh (Canavalia ensiformis) by Spray Drying Method with Variation of Inlet Temperature

“…The use of different inlet air temperatures in spray drying can affect the physical characteristic and functional properties of protein isolates and other products [25]- [27]. The inlet temperature in spray drying can affect the particle size of the protein produced.…”