Optimization of stadium roof structure using force density method

Iterated Ritz and conjugate gradient methods as solvers in constrained form-finding: A comparison

“…The structural optimization process based on the tension–compression analogy that is applied to the design of the roof for the new stadium Kantrida in Rijeka, Croatia is described in [45] , [46] . The initial form of the gridshell, given by the architect, required excessive dimensions of all steel profiles to satisfy ultimate and serviceability limit states.…”

“…Therefore, an optimisation procedure was needed to find a form of a gridshell with better structural efficiency. The three obtained solutions, discussed in [45] , [46] , are used here to test the behaviour of presented solvers during the form-finding of gridshells.…”

“…The gridshell has a tension reinforced prestressed ring at the bottom, so in the form-finding process the nodes on the bottom ring are assumed fixed. The resulting geometry of the structure is a result of specified constraints and therefore the possible geometries were sought by authors in [45] , [46] using diverse constraints. For the first set of kinematic constrains, the grid A, the target force in the inner ring was set to 2100 kN and in the other elements as 150 kN ( Fig.…”

From finding of tensile structures in Faculty of Civil Engineering classes

“…Schek and Linkwitz called the method the force density method (more on this in Chapter 3) [1,2]. The basic idea of the method even today remains the starting point in development of new methods for form finding of shape-dependent structures (such as prestressed cable nets, membrane structures [3], single-layer reticulated shells [4], tensegrity systems [5], bending active structures [6], etc.). In Figure 3, the bicycle arena built for the London Olympics (2012) is shown, as an example of the evidently elegant, also undeniably efficiency tensile structure.…”

“…In Figure 3, the bicycle arena built for the London Olympics (2012) is shown, as an example of the evidently elegant, also undeniably efficiency tensile structure. Today, the principles of form finding of prestressed tensile structures are also applied to the design of more efficient conventional structural elements or to the design of singlelayer reticulated shells using the analogy of equilibrium forms in tension and compression [4] (hanging cloth analogy). At ETH Zurich, a group of researchers led by Phillip Block, the Block Research Group (BRG), developed a ribbed stiffened funicular floor system that is 70 % lighter than typical floor slab that is 25 to 30 cm thick.…”