Optimization of the Automotive Ammonia Fuel Cycle Using P-Graphs

Angeles, Donna Abrece; Are, Kristian Ray Angelo; Aviso, Kathleen B.; Tan, Raymond R.; Razón, Luis F.

doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01940

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…12 Ammonia can be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines, although this causes pollution unless optimized. 13 Ammonia can also be used near where it is generated as a fertilizer. While this fertilizer is a key to the "Green Revolution", 14 it is separate from using ammonia as a means of storing and transporting wind energy.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Converting Wind Energy to Ammonia at Lower Pressure

Malmali

Reese

McCormick

et al. 2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Renewable wind energy can be used to make ammonia. However, wind-generated ammonia costs about twice that made from a traditional fossil-fuel driven process. To reduce the production cost, we replace the conventional ammonia condensation with a selective absorber containing metal halides, e.g., calcium chloride, operating at near synthesis temperatures. With this reaction-absorption process, ammonia can be synthesized at 20 bar from air, water, and wind-generated electricity, with rates comparable to the conventional process running at 150−300 bar. In our reaction-absorption process, the rate of ammonia synthesis is now controlled not by the chemical reaction but largely by the pump used to recycle the unreacted gases. The results suggest an alternative route to distributed ammonia manufacture which can locally supply nitrogen fertilizer and also a method to capture stranded wind energy as a carbon-neutral liquid fuel.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ammonia serves as a carrier for hydrogen, which can be used in fuel cells . Ammonia can be used as a fuel in internal combustion engines, although this causes pollution unless optimized . Ammonia can also be used near where it is generated as a fertilizer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Converting Wind Energy to Ammonia at Lower Pressure

Malmali

Reese

McCormick

et al. 2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…The world’s ever increasing energy demand associated with the adverse effects of existing fossil fuels directed immense research activities toward the design and development of clean and renewable energy devices, which are capable of harvesting green energy from sustainable energy sources. − Recently, glucose fuel cells (GFCs) have emerged as an excellent green energy device, as it is able to offer considerable power output via the glucose oxidation reaction (GOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the anode and cathode, respectively. , However, the development of high performance GFCs is substantially hindered by the sluggish GOR and ORR kinetics, prohibitive production cost, and limited durability, which are mostly associated with the existing anode and cathode catalysts of GFCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineered Tubular Nanocomposite Electrocatalysts Based on CuS for High-Performance, Durable Glucose Fuel Cells and Their Stack

Siva

Aziz

kumar

2018

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Exploring the electrochemically active and robust nanocatalysts for the efficient glucose oxidation reaction (GOR) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) garners enormous interest in the development of high performance glucose fuel cells (GFCs). The bifunctional copper sulfide (CuS) nanotubes and their specific surface engineering modification with nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH) 2 ) and manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) nanostructures evade the constrains of existing GOR and ORR catalysts, respectively. On the basis of a systematic electrochemical analysis, the fundamental intrigue on the optimization and influences of core and shell nanostructures toward GFC performances is realized. Under alkaline conditions, CuS@ Ni(OH) 2 and CuS@MnO 2 as GOR and ORR catalysts, respectively, demonstrate the maximum GFC power density of 1.25 mW cm −2 with 300 h of durability. Furthermore, the energy harvest from a GFC stack without any major performance loss in comparison with a single cell enunciate the excellent energetic capabilities of a stack design. These findings thus provide the compatible solutions for the thriving research areas of GOR and ORR, and by coupling the aforesaid research efforts, high performance and durable GFCs are established.

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“…To address this need, a few life cycle assessment and life cycle optimization studies have been done to address possible trade-offs in the use of ammonia as a fuel. Angeles et al (2017) computed and compared nitrogen and carbon footprints of either fuel cell or internal combustion engine vehicles fed with ammonia or ammonia-diesel/gasoline combinations. It was found that a fuel cell vehicle fed with ammonia from the cyanobacteria-based process proposed in Razon (2014) gave both the lowest nitrogen footprint and the lowest carbon footprint.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of the Combustion of Ammonia/Methane Fuels in a Tangential Swirl Burner

Razón

Valera‐Medina

2021

Front. Chem. Eng.

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Ammonia has been proposed as a replacement for fossil fuels. Like hydrogen, emissions from the combustion of ammonia are carbon-free. Unlike hydrogen, ammonia is more energy dense, less explosive, and there exists extensive experience in its distribution. However, ammonia has a low flame speed and combustion emits nitrogen oxides. Ammonia is produced via the Haber-Bosch process which consumes large amounts of fossil fuels and requires high temperatures and pressures. A life cycle assessment to determine potential environmental advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia is necessary. In this work, emissions data from experiments with generating heat from tangential swirl burners using ammonia cofired with methane employing currently available technologies were utilized to estimate the environmental impacts that may be expected. Seven ammonia sources were combined with two methane sources to create 14 scenarios. The impacts from these 14 scenarios were compared to those expected from using pure methane. The results show that using ammonia from present-day commercial production methods will result in worse global warming potentials than using methane to generate the same amount of heat. Only two scenarios, methane from biogas combined with ammonia from hydrogen from electricity and nuclear power via electrolysis and subsequent ammonia synthesis using nitrogen from the air, showed reductions in global warming potential. Subsequent analysis of other environmental impacts for these two scenarios showed potentially lower impacts for respiratory organics, terrestrial acidification-nutrification and aquatic acidification depending on how the burner is operated. The other eight environmental impacts were worse than the methane scenario because of activities intrinsic to the generation of electricity via wind power and nuclear fission. The results show that generating heat from a tangential swirl burner using ammonia currently available technologies will not necessarily result in improved environmental benefits in all categories. Improvements in renewable energy technologies could change these results positively. Other means of producing ammonia and improved means of converting ammonia to energy must continue to be explored.

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Optimization of the Automotive Ammonia Fuel Cycle Using P-Graphs

Cited by 22 publications

References 33 publications

Converting Wind Energy to Ammonia at Lower Pressure

Converting Wind Energy to Ammonia at Lower Pressure

Engineered Tubular Nanocomposite Electrocatalysts Based on CuS for High-Performance, Durable Glucose Fuel Cells and Their Stack

A Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of the Combustion of Ammonia/Methane Fuels in a Tangential Swirl Burner

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