Optimization of the cold split‐splitless injector in the solvent‐split mode

Termonia, M.; Lacomblez, B.; Munari, F.

doi:10.1002/jhrc.1240111209

Cited by 21 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Sample processing and analysis were then carried out as described before (Yu et al, 1995, 1997; Liu et al, 1999b,a; Healy et al, 2008). All filter samples from this study were analysed by GCMS (as stated above), using a large-volume injection liner to increase the sensitivity of the instrument (Termonia et al, 1988). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM

Ebersviller

Lichtveld²,

Sexton³

et al. 2012

Preprint

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This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of gas-only- and PM-only-biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound and PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and it exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells) – even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase: the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this “effect modification” phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures and can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM

Ebersviller

Lichtveld²,

Sexton³

et al. 2012

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Sample processing and analysis were then carried out as described be-fore (Yu et al, 1995(Yu et al, , 1997Liu et al, 1999b,a;Healy et al, 2008). All filter samples from this study were analysed by GCMS (as stated above), using a large-volume injection liner to increase the sensitivity of the instrument (Termonia et al, 1988).…”

Section: Species-specific Analysis Of Carbonylsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. This is the first of a three-part study designed to demonstrate dynamic entanglements among gaseous organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM), and their subsequent potential biological effects. We study these entanglements in increasingly complex VOC and PM mixtures in urban-like conditions in a large outdoor chamber. To the traditional chemical and physical characterizations of gas and PM, we added new measurements of biological effects, using cultured human lung cells as model indicators. These biological effects are assessed here as increases in cellular damage or expressed irritation (i.e., cellular toxic effects) from cells exposed to chamber air relative to cells exposed to clean air. The exposure systems permit virtually gas-only- or PM-only-exposures from the same air stream containing both gases and PM in equilibria, i.e., there are no extractive operations prior to cell exposure. Our simple experiments in this part of the study were designed to eliminate many competing atmospheric processes to reduce ambiguity in our results. Simple volatile and semi-volatile organic gases that have inherent cellular toxic properties were tested individually for biological effect in the dark (at constant humidity). Airborne mixtures were then created with each compound to which we added PM that has no inherent cellular toxic properties for another cellular exposure. Acrolein and p-tolualdehyde were used as model VOCs and mineral oil aerosol (MOA) was selected as a surrogate for organic-containing PM. MOA is appropriately complex in composition to represent ambient PM, and exhibits no inherent cellular toxic effects and thus did not contribute any biological detrimental effects on its own. Chemical measurements, combined with the responses of our biological exposures, clearly demonstrate that gas-phase pollutants can modify the composition of PM (and its resulting detrimental effects on lung cells). We observed that, even if the gas-phase pollutants are not considered likely to partition to the condensed phase, the VOC-modified-PM showed significantly more damage and inflammation to lung cells than did the original PM. Because gases and PM are transported and deposited differently within the atmosphere and the lungs, these results have significant consequences for a wide range of people. For example, current US policies for research and regulation of PM do not recognize this "effect modification" phenomena (NAS, 2004). These results present an unambiguous demonstration that – even in these simple mixtures – physical and thermal interactions alone can cause a modification of the distribution of species among the phases of airborne pollution mixtures that can result in a non-toxic phase becoming toxic due to atmospheric thermal processes only. Subsequent work (described in companion papers) extends the simple results reported here to systems with photochemical transformations of complex urban mixtures and to systems with diesel exhaust produced by different fuels.

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“…The PTV injector has hardly been used, thus far, for large-volume sample introduction, because of observed losses of the more volatile components [26,31]. In previous work [32-341, we have systematically studied the influences of various parameters on the solvent elimination process and component trapping efficiencies in PTV injectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed‐temperature injector for large‐volume sample introduction in capillary gas chromatography and for liquid chromatography‐gas chromatography interfacing

Staniewski

Janssen

Cramers

et al. 1992

J Microcolumn Separations

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The introduction of large sample volumes in capillary gas chromatography is becoming increasingly important in various application areas. Especially in the analysis of very dilute sample (e.g., environmental samples) and in coupled LC‐GC, large volume sampling is extremely important. Programmed‐temperature sample introduction is shown to be an attractive technique for these purposes. In this paper we present some applications of large volume sampling in environmental analysis. Water samples were analyzed using both off‐line and on‐line extraction with gas chromatography (GC) analysis. In the off‐line method, pollutants were extracted into hexane or methylene chloride. Using the programmed‐temperature injector, up to 250 μL of the extract could be introduced into the GC system. In this way, reproducible quantitative analysis of PAHs and herbicides were achieved at sub‐ppb concentrations using flame ionization detection. In the on‐line mode, pollutants were preconcentrated on a short liquid chromatography (LC) column packed with a PLRP‐S solid phase extraction material. After the trapping step, the components were desorbed by ethyl acetate and transferred directly into the programmed‐temperature vaporizer (PTV‐GC) system. Using this method, detection limits below about 1 ppb of herbicides in water were obtained.

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Optimization of the cold split‐splitless injector in the solvent‐split mode

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM

Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM

Gaseous VOCs rapidly modify particulate matter and its biological effects – Part 1: Simple VOCs and model PM

Programmed‐temperature injector for large‐volume sample introduction in capillary gas chromatography and for liquid chromatography‐gas chromatography interfacing

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