Optimization of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Blue Shark Skin

Abstract

Enzymatic hydrolysis of Blue shark skin using Protamex™ was evaluated seeking optimal process conditions. The influence of temperature (45 to 65 °C), pH (6.8 to 8), and enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S; 1% to 5%) on the responses of degree of hydrolysis and protein recovery were determined and process optimization was performed looking for maximum value of the responses. Optimum conditions were established (T = 51 °C, E/S = 4%, and pH = 7.1) and model validation was accomplished by triplicate. Under these conditions protein hydrolysates were prepared and characterized by their amino acid composition, peptide size distribution, and antioxidant capacity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. A degree of hydrolysis of 19.3% and protein recovery of 90.3% were obtained at optimal conditions. Chemical score indicated that the hydrolysate supplies minimal essential amino acid requirements for adults. Molecular weight of peptides on the hydrolysate was below 6.5 kDa. Enzymatic hydrolysis process was efficient for recovery of low molecular weight peptides with important nutritional content and antioxidant activity (FRAP = 12 μmol eq. in FeSO(4).7H(2)O/g of protein, TEAC = 225.3 μmol eq. in trolox/g of protein).

Prebiotic oligosaccharides from artichoke industrial waste: evaluation of different extraction methods

“…Many ingredients are recovered from waste, such as ␤-glucan from oat mill waste (originated from rolled oat grains) (Patsioura et al, 2011); proteins and peptides from blue shark skin (Rodríguez-Díaz et al, 2011); polysaccharides from pomegranate peel (Zhu and Liu, 2013); pectin oligosaccharides and d-limonene from citrus peel (Gómez et al, 2014;Lopresto et al, 2014); polyphenols, glucose, fructose, and sucrose from artichoke wastewater (Conidi et al, 2014); protein and polyphenols from olive kernels (Roselló-Soto et al, 2015), and other.…”

Optimization of the Extraction and Stability of Antioxidative Peptides from Mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus) Protein

“…Besides, RSM as an effective statistical model has been widely used in pharmaceutical and functional foods research [ 13 ]. In recently years, RSM model has been widely applied to fish protein [ 14 – 16 ] extraction. For example, Shi et al [ 17 ] has optimized processing parameters of horse mackerel ( Trachurus japonicus ) dried in a heat pump dehumidifier under the conditions from RSM model; Wang et al [ 18 ] studied the hydrolysis conditions for the production of iron-binding peptides from mackerel processing byproducts under the experimental process through RSM system.…”

Characterization, Preparation, and Purification of Marine Bioactive Peptides

“…For example, Bhaskar et al [144] used Alcalase with the optimum conditions of an enzyme to substrate level of 1.5%, and a hydrolysis time of 135 min to hydrolyse visceral waste proteins of Catla (Catla catla) and obtain a higher degree of hydrolysis close to 50%. Another researcher used Protamex with the optimum conditions of an enzyme to substrate level of 4%, a pH of 7.1 and a temperature of 51°C to hydrolyse Blue Shake skin in order to obtain peptide with the highest degree of hydrolysis [145]. In addition, Song et al [146] studied the hydrolysis conditions of Pepsin with an enzyme to substrate level of 1100 U/g, a pH of 2.0, a reaction time of 2.4 h, and a water-to-substrate ratio of 4 : 1 (v/w).…”