Optimization of the Post-Process Heat Treatment Strategy for a Near-α Titanium Base Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Fleißner-Rieger, Christian; Pfeifer, Tanja; Turk, Christoph; Clemens, Helmut

doi:10.3390/ma15031032

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For instance, in the laser shock peening process, the bending fatigue life of the Ti-6Al-25n-4Zr-2Mo alloy was enhanced by Bhamare et al (2013). The authors concluded that the obtained optimal parametric set form thickness compression yielded an extensive enhancement of the bending fatigue life for the laser powder bed fusion process where the optimization of post-process heat treatments is the concern, Fleißner-Rieger et al (2022) in utilising the Ti-6Al-25n-4Zr-2Mo (Ti-6-2-4-2) alloy concluded as follows. The authors declared that the optimization approach led to the alloy exhibiting optimized ductility and substantial growth of elongation at fracture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Cutting Conditions of Abrasive Waterjet Cutting for Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Mo Alpha-Beta Alloy Using EDAS and DFA Methods

Oke

Nwankiti

2022

Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation

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Abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM), a known metal cutting process in manufacturing, is likely to be improved with the selection and use of the most influential parameters in machining decision-making. This work illustrates the development of two multicriteria indicators to optimize parameters for the abrasive waterjet machining process, providing optimization information for the surface morphology problem. The evaluation based on the distance from average solution (EDAS) method was used as the first indicator while the desirability function analysis (DFA) method reflects the second indicator. The results demonstrate a huge promise of both indicators, EDAS and DFA, to develop procedures for optimizing the parameters of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alpha-beta alloy through the abrasive waterjet machining process. For the EDAS method, experimental trial 7 provided the best results with the water jet pressure of 220 bar, traverse speed of 40mm/min, and standoff distance of 1mm. The corresponding material removal rate is 151.667mm3/min while the roughness average is 2.76mm. The DFA method also provided the same results as those of the EDAS method. The present study is evidence of optimization of the parameters of Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alpha-beta alloy using the AWJM process. This warrants an intervention to enhance productivity and the economic gains of the company.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Cutting Conditions of Abrasive Waterjet Cutting for Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Mo Alpha-Beta Alloy Using EDAS and DFA Methods

Oke

Nwankiti

2022

Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation

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“…Many studies have explored the use of heat treatments to improve the properties of AM components and, depending on the material, could include a series of steps [ 8 , 9 ]. After exploring the literature, it is clear that multistep and single-step post-processing treatments have a place for material enhancement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat Treatments for Minimization of Residual Stresses and Maximization of Tensile Strengths of Scalmalloy® Processed via Directed Energy Deposition

Boillat-Newport,

Isanaka,

Kelley

et al. 2024

Materials

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Scalmalloy® is an Al-Mg-Sc-Zr-based alloy specifically developed for additive manufacturing (AM). This alloy is designed for use with a direct aging treatment, as recommended by the manufacturer, rather than with a multistep treatment, as often seen in conventional manufacturing. Most work with Scalmalloy® is conducted using powder bed rather than powder-fed processes. This investigation seeks to fill this knowledge gap and expand beyond single-step aging to promote an overall balanced AM-fabricated component. For this study, directed energy deposition (DED)-fabricated Scalmalloy® components were subjected to low-temperature treatments to minimize residual stresses inherent in the material due to the layer-by-layer build process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated the possibility of stress minimization while reducing the detriment to mechanical strength through lower temperature treatments. Microstructural analyses consisting of energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) revealed the presence of grain growth detrimentally affecting the strength and elongation made possible by very small grains inherent to AM and rapid solidification. Tensile testing determined that treatment at 175 °C for 1 h provides the best relief from the existing residual stresses; however, this is accompanied by a diminishment in the yield and tensile strength of 19 and 9.5%, respectively. It is noted that treatment at 175 °C for 2 h did not provide as great of a decrease in residual stresses, theorized to be the result of grain growth and other strengthening mechanisms further stressing the structure; however, the residual stresses are still significantly diminished compared with the as-built condition. Furthermore, a minimal reduction of the tensile strengths indicates the possibility of finding a balance between property diminishment and stress state through the work proposed here.

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Competing roles of microstructure and defects on the mechanical properties of laser-powder bed fused Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy

Kaushik,

Shakerin,

Korayem

et al. 2024

Prog Addit Manuf

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Using different volumetric energy densities ($${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v ), the microstructure, texture, and defect evolution in laser-powder bed fused (PBF-LB/M) Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo (Ti-6242) alloy is studied. PBF-LB/M Ti-6242 rods were manufactured using different $${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v ranging from 41.67 to 66.67 J/mm3. The $${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v is varied by setting the scan speed to 1000 mm/s, 1200 mm/s, 1400 mm/s, and 1600 mm/s. The mechanical properties (yield strength, tensile strength, and strain at fracture) were then studied under quasi-static loading conditions. It is observed that the strength of the sample printed using the lowest $${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v is lower than the other conditions due to the formation of the lack of fusion defects. In addition, the sample printed with the highest $${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v consists of redeposited process by-products that result in the lowest ductility. The microstructure and texture of the samples were studied using electron backscatter diffraction. The results show that microstructural features including α′ lath width, dislocation density, and lath orientation (texture) were almost identical under different $${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v . Therefore, the variations in mechanical properties may not controlled completely by the microstructure. The defect analysis is conducted employing X-ray computed tomography. The defect characteristics change from keyhole to lack of fusion by varying the $${E}_{\text{v}}$$ E v . The volume fraction of defects in the samples is in the range of 0.0005–0.007%, which seems to be negligible. However, the fractography analysis shows the dominance of defects in controlling the mechanical properties. This study proves the sensitivity of PBF-LB/M Ti-6242 to defects as the mechanical properties were defect-driven rather than microstructure-driven.

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Optimization of the Post-Process Heat Treatment Strategy for a Near-α Titanium Base Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Optimal Cutting Conditions of Abrasive Waterjet Cutting for Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Mo Alpha-Beta Alloy Using EDAS and DFA Methods

Optimal Cutting Conditions of Abrasive Waterjet Cutting for Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Mo Alpha-Beta Alloy Using EDAS and DFA Methods

Heat Treatments for Minimization of Residual Stresses and Maximization of Tensile Strengths of Scalmalloy® Processed via Directed Energy Deposition

Competing roles of microstructure and defects on the mechanical properties of laser-powder bed fused Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy

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