Optimization of Tin-Doped Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Perovskites are a category of materials with a unique crystal structure that allows them to absorb sunlight efficiently. This efficiency is particularly high in the case of CH 3 NH 3 Pb 1−x Sn x I 3 mixed perovskites. The combination of lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) in this matrix provides a broad spectrum of sunlight absorption, enabling the generation of a larger voltage and, subsequently, increased power. The primary objective in solar cell development is to maximize the conversion of sunlight into electricity. Mixed perovskites like CH 3 NH 3 Pb 1−x Sn x I 3 have demonstrated significant potential in this regard. Their tunable bandgap, courtesy of varying the Pb: Sn ratio, allows for the optimization of sunlight absorption. The result is solar cells that surpass many conventional counterparts in terms of energy efficiency. Another significant advantage of these mixed perovskite solar cells is their cost-effectiveness. They can be manufactured using solution-based processes, which are less expensive than the high-vacuum methods required for traditional silicon solar cells. While the prospects for mixed perovskite solar cells are undeniably promising, there are concerns about the toxicity of lead, a key component of these cells. Lead is known to have harmful effects on the environment and health. The aim of our work is to reduce or eliminate lead toxicity in the perovskite cell while maintaining its efficiency. Thus, in a theoretical and experimental approach, we obtained following efficiencies of samples: CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 (22.49%) CH 3 NH 3 Pb 0.75 Sn 0.25 I 3 (22.72%), CH 3 NH 3 Pb 0.5 Sn 0.5 I 3 (23.00%) CH 3 NH 3 Pb 0.25 Sn 0.75 I 3 (22.61%), CH 3 NH 3 SnI 3 (22.38%). Doping with 50% tin gives the highest result (23.00%).