Deferoxamine
mesylate (DFO) is an FDA-approved, hexadentate iron
chelator routinely used to alleviate systemic iron burden in thalassemia
major and sickle cell patients. Iron accumulation in these disease
states results from the repeated blood transfusions required to manage
these conditions. Iron accumulation has also been implicated in the
pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s
disease (PD), and secondary injury following intracerebral hemorrhage
(ICH). Chelation of brain iron is thus a promising therapeutic strategy
for improving behavioral outcomes and slowing neurodegeneration in
the aforementioned disease states, though the effectiveness of DFO
treatment is limited on several accounts. Systemically administered
DFO results in nonspecific toxicity at high doses, and the drug’s
short half-life leads to low patient compliance. Mixed reports of
DFO’s ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB)
also appear in literature. These limitations necessitate novel DFO
formulations prior to the drug’s widespread use in managing
neurodegeneration. Herein, we discuss the various dosing regimens
and formulations employed in intranasal (IN) or systemic DFO treatment,
as well as the physiological and behavioral outcomes observed in animal
models of AD, PD, and ICH. The clinical progress of chelation therapy
with DFO in managing neurodegeneration is also evaluated. Finally,
the elimination of intranasally administered particles via the glymphatic
system and efflux transporters is discussed. Abundant preclinical
evidence suggests that intranasal DFO treatment improves memory retention
and behavioral outcome in rodent models of AD, PD, and ICH. Several
other biochemical and physiological metrics, such as tau phosphorylation,
the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, and infarct
volume, are also positively affected by intranasal DFO treatment.
However, dosing regimens are inconsistent across studies, and little
is known about brain DFO concentration following treatment. Systemic
DFO treatment yields similar results, and some complex formulations
have been developed to improve permeability across the BBB. However,
despite the success in preclinical models, clinical translation is
limited with most clinical evidence investigating DFO treatment in
ICH patients, where high-dose treatment has proven dangerous and dosing
regimens are not consistent across studies. DFO is a strong drug candidate
for managing neurodegeneration in the aging population, but before
it can be routinely implemented as a therapeutic agent, dosing regimens
must be standardized, and brain DFO content following drug administration
must be understood and controlled via novel formulations.