Optimization of transesterification process for Ceiba pentandra oil: A comparative study between kernel-based extreme learning machine and artificial neural networks

Abstract

a b s t r a c tIn this study, kernel-based extreme learning machine (K-ELM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed in order to predict the conditions of an alkaline-catalysed transesterification process. The reliability of these models was assessed and compared based on the coefficient of determination (R 2 ), root mean squared error (RSME), mean average percent error (MAPE) and relative percent deviation (RPD). The K-ELM model had higher R 2 (0.991) and lower RSME, MAPE and RPD (0.688, 0.388 and 0.380) compared to the ANN model (0.984, 0.913, 0.640 and 0.634). Based on these results, the K-ELM model is a more reliable prediction model and it was integrated with ant colony optimization (ACO) in order to achieve the highest Ceiba pentandra methyl ester yield. The optimum molar ratio of methanol to oil, KOH catalyst weight, reaction temperature, reaction time and agitation speed predicted by the K-ELM model integrated with ACO was 10:1, 1 %wt, 60 C, 108 min and 1100 rpm, respectively. The Ceiba pentandra methyl ester yield attained under these optimum conditions was 99.80%. This novel integrated model provides insight on the effect of parameters investigated on the methyl ester yield, which may be useful for industries involved in biodiesel production.

Experimental Investigation, Techno-Economic Analysis and Environmental Impact of Bioethanol Production from Banana Stem

“…Besides that, many countries worldwide have highlighted biomass as an alternative fuel for renewable sources power generation [7,8]. Among south-east Asian regions, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia have successfully produced biodiesel from their tropical biodiversity sources [9][10][11]. Based on the previous experimental and statistical analyses, biomass could be turned into the Earth's most attractive alternative in the next decades since fossil fuel is depleting day by day.…”

Impregnation of CaO from Eggshell Waste with Magnetite as a Solid Catalyst (Fe3O4/CaO) for Transesterification of Palm Oil Off-Grade

“…The prepared catalyst is tested for transesterification of palm oil off-grade to produce biodiesel in which the optimal conditions of a methanol/palm oil off-grade molar ratio of 10:1, the catalyst weight of 6%, the reaction temperature of 70 • C, and the reaction time of 2 h. The transesterification product was analyzed using GC-MS, which showed the biodiesel yield of 90% at the recalcined temperature of 600 • C and reaction time of 2 h. It has been noted that the catalyst activity is achieved when the moderate recalcination temperature is applied and the disordered structure of the catalyst is maintained. This study also confirms that CaO impregnated with Fe 3 O 4 could be a solid catalyst for the biodiesel synthesis through transesterification reaction of palm oil off-grade.Catalysts 2020, 10, 164 2 of 13 this issue, several countries have successfully implemented some renewables from bioenergy, including biogas, biodiesel, and bioethanol [2][3][4][5]. On the other sides, some countries have also successfully generated the electrical power from renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, waves, hydro, wind, and solar energy [6][7][8][9][10].…”

An Overview of Recent Developments in Biomass Pyrolysis Technologies

“…The atmospheric CO 2 level has crossed the risky level that was forecast to happen in another 10 years [8]. Furthermore, the depletion of fossil fuels and extreme change of climate have driven the search for alternative energies and renewable energy sources that can meet the world's energy demand, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, curb pollution, and maintain the planet's temperature at a stable level [9][10][11].Among the alternative energy sources, biomass can become a promising sustainable energy source, due to its high diversity and availability [12]. Biomass can be defined as all biodegradable organic material derived from animals, plants, or microorganisms.…”

“…The atmospheric CO 2 level has crossed the risky level that was forecast to happen in another 10 years [8]. Furthermore, the depletion of fossil fuels and extreme change of climate have driven the search for alternative energies and renewable energy sources that can meet the world's energy demand, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, curb pollution, and maintain the planet's temperature at a stable level [9][10][11].…”