Optimization of ultrasound - assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from wood apple pulp: Identification of phytochemicals using GC-MS

Abstract

Article Highlights• Response surface methodology was applied for optimization of solvent extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction • UAE is an effective method to obtain maximum yield with minimum time and solvent consumption • GC-MS analysis was carried out to identify the bioactive compounds present in the extract obtained from various extraction techniques AbstractIn the present work, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract the phenolic compounds from wood apple pulp. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the process variables. The results revealed that UAE have significantly higher TPC (17.41±0.13 mg GAE/g dW) and TFC (6.73±0.19 mg RE/g dW) in comparison with solvent extraction that gave noticeably lower TPC (12.01±0.17 mg GAE/g dW) and TFC = 4.47±0.09 mg RE/g dW). Optimally obtained extracts of wood apple pulp were subjected to phytochemical screening and it was found that bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2-(1-buten-3-yl)-serverogenin acetate, 4H-pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-, L-(+)--ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, cis-vaccenic acid, thiopene, 2-propyl--phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) and octanoic acid were present only in UAE extracts. Since the bioactive component presence is remarkably higher in UAE compared to other techniques, UAE seems to be a better method for the extraction of phenolic compounds from wood apple pulp.

Beneath the rind: A review on the remarkable health benefits and applications of the wood apple fruit

“…The Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method was utilized in a study to measure the total phenolic content (TPC) of wood apple pulp. The findings revealed that the phenolic content yield varied from 3.73 to 11.34 mg GAE/g [ 29 ]. In another study, the TPC was found high in the pulp (35.72 μg GAE/mg) of wood apple extracts [ 1 ].…”

“…A study was conducted in which the total flavonoid content (TFC) was determined in wood apple pulp using the aluminum chloride method. Results showed that flavonoid content range from 1.59 to 4.39 mg RE/g [ 29 ]. In a different study, a wide range of biological actions exhibited by flavonoids includes the prevention of cell proliferation, activation of apoptosis, inhibition of enzymes, as well as additional antibacterial and antioxidant properties.…”

Ultrasound‐Assisted Extraction, Optimization, Phytochemical Screening and Analysis of Phenolics from Cycas Zeylanica and Antioxidant Activity Evaluation

“…Its environmentally friendly profile, coupled with minimal physical and chemical hazards, reinforces its standing as a preferred extraction technique. [22][23][24][25][26] UAE focuses on optimizing processing parameters to maximize bioactive yield. Extracts obtained through UAE under optimal conditions contain the highest phenolic concentrations.…”

“…This innovative approach employs sound waves to improve solvent penetration into plant cells, significantly enhancing superior selectivity, productivity, low solvent consumption, cost‐effectiveness, ease of operation, and a shortened extraction time. Its environmentally friendly profile, coupled with minimal physical and chemical hazards, reinforces its standing as a preferred extraction technique [22–26] . UAE focuses on optimizing processing parameters to maximize bioactive yield.…”