Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction in Limau Peels (Citrus amblycarpa), Antioxidant Activity and Its Potential as an Inhibitor for Xanthine Oxidase

Irawan, Candra; Khodijah, Euis; Nurhayati, Lani; Susanti, Devy; Rahmatia, Lintannisa; Putri, Imalia Dwi

doi:10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00128

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 52 publications

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“…The presence of flavonoid compounds and other active components like quercetin, leukosianidin, 3-0 galactoside, 3-0-glucoside, and 3-0 rhamnosyl glucoside in plantain peels, plays a crucial role in inhibiting xanthine oxidase enzyme activity, thereby reducing blood uric acid levels. 24,26,27…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)

Nurlila,

Fua,

Surianto S

et al. 2024

Pharmacogn J.

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The accumulation of uric acid leads to joint pain, discomfort, and inflammation, making movement painful. 1 Currently, allopurinol is a prevalent pharmacological treatment for hyperuricemia, aimed at reducing uric acid levels. 2 However, this drug can cause side effects such as upper respiratory infections, diarrhea, headaches, nausea, and vomiting, which are considered adverse effects of its use. 3 Beyond synthetic drugs, natural ingredients are increasingly utilized in alternative medicine to lower uric acid levels. 4 In Indonesia, thousands of plant species and natural materials are employed for healing and disease prevention, often referred to as traditional medicinal plants, due to their minimal side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Among these, parts of the banana plant, specifically Musa acuminata colla, are recognized for their beneficial compounds like flavonoids. 5 Commonly, only the fruit of banana plants is used, while other parts like the peel, stem, leaves, roots, and midribs are often discarded. However, plantain peels, known for their high levels of phenolic compounds compared to the fruit's flesh, are gaining attention. 6 According to Lopes et al. 7 , plantain peels are rich in secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, polyphenols, and tannins. These compounds, particularly flavonoids and alkaloids, are believed to inhibit xanthine oxidase and superoxide, thereby reducing uric acid levels in the blood. 8,9 According to Agama et al 10 ., plantain contains various flavonoids and related compounds including quercetin, leukosianidin, 3-O-galactoside, 3-O-glucoside, and 3-O-rhamnosyl glucoside. Studies exploring the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on xanthine oxidase, such as those conducted by Hu et al. 11 and Huang et al. 12 , have shown that the flavonoids quercetin and rutin effectively inhibit the xanthine oxidase enzyme, thereby reducing uric acid levels in the blood. Further research by Kibria et al. 13 revealed that banana peel extract contains phytochemicals like saponins, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The pharmacological properties of plantain peel, including antibacterial, antihyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemia, and antioxidant activities, are believed to originate from its compound content, such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Phytochemical tests on methanol fractions have shown positive results for flavonoids. 14 Plantain peel is comprised of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins, all of which serve as antioxidants. Phenols, in particular, are secondary metabolites in plants known for their therapeutic effects such as antimutagenic, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic activities, free radical scavenging, and reduction of cardiovascular complications. The research conducted by Sitti Raudhotul Jami'ah et al. 15

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)

Nurlila,

Fua,

Surianto S

et al. 2024

Pharmacogn J.

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Total Phenolic content and Potential of Black Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.var Nigra) Extract as an Antioxidant and Anti-Gout

Irawan,

Rochaeni,

Suhartini

et al. 2024

RJPT

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Research to find antioxidants and anti-gout has been done using black betel leaf. The sample was extracted at room temperature for 30 minutes using the Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) method, and a yield of 8.47% was obtained. Phytochemical screening was carried out on the ethanol extract of black betel leaves and showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds consisting of alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and steroid glycosides, with a total phenolic content of 758,534±0.003mg GAE per gram of sample. Antioxidant activity analysis was carried out using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, which showed IC50 and EC50 values of 115.562±0.14mg/L and 119.273±0.385 mg/L, respectively. The antioxidant activity of black betel leaf extract is in the medium category (100–150 mg/L). The anti-gout activity test was carried out using allopurinol as a control, which showed the ability of black betel leaf extract to reduce uric acid up to 14.48±0.01%. The ability of black betel leaf extract as an anti-uric acid is five times better than allopurinol, which is commonly used as a gout drug. The research results obtained opened up the opportunity to find a natural medicine for gout.

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Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction in Limau Peels (Citrus amblycarpa), Antioxidant Activity and Its Potential as an Inhibitor for Xanthine Oxidase

Cited by 2 publications

References 52 publications

Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)

Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)

Total Phenolic content and Potential of Black Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.var Nigra) Extract as an Antioxidant and Anti-Gout

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